Drug profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drug profile - Essay Example Indications: - bronchial asthma (RACGP, 2006; Lullman et al., 2000), - bronchitis (RACGP, 2006) - exercise-related dyspnea (RACGP, 2006) - other breathing problems (RACGP, 2006). - pre-term labour (Morgan et al., 1987). According to the Medical Reference Manual by Adult Retrieval Victoria (2011), Salbutamol (5-10 mg or 8 puffs 10-15 minutely) is one of the standard therapies for refractory asthma. Continuous nebulised Salbutamol is also used for maximum pre-intubation therapy. As well, the Queensland Ambulance Service (2011) lists approved emergency indications as bronchospasm and suspected hyperkalaemia with QRS widening and/or AV dissociation (Medical Director’s Office 2011 p. 69) for adult and paediatric administration (p. 70). Contraindications against paramedic use of salbutamol have been reported to include potential synergism with other sympathomimietics. It should also be used with caution in patients with diabetes, hyperthyroidism, and cerebrovascular disease (Albuter ol 1999, p. 1). List of drug-drug interactions with Salbutamol (Albuterol 2011) Medicine name Strength Atomotexine – may cause CVS effects such as tachycardia and hypertension case reports Digitalis – hypokalemia induced by salbutamol may cause cardiac glycoside toxicity Mechanism already elucidated Diuretics – hypokalemia Steroids – hyperglycemia or hypokalemia Sympathomimetics – additive effects Theophylline – additive effects Xanthine derivatives –hypokalemia Bendrofluazide – augments hypokalemia, cardiac effects, arrhythmia Signal Transduction Mechanisms for ?2 Receptors Figure 1.The messenger system starting with the activation of receptor, which stimulates the G-protein to dissociate into its subunits. The ?-subunit then activates the enzyme converting ATP to cAMP. Figure from Guyton, A. C. and Hall, J. E. 2006. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Elsevier. Salbutamol is an agonist of the beta 2 adrenergic recep tors found on the smooth muscle lining airways of the lungs (Lullman, 2000). The intracellular components of the receptor are associated with G protein. In turn, G protein has three sub units (alpha sub unit, plus tightly associated beta, and gamma sub units). Upon binding of salbutamol to ?2 receptor, the latter activates the G protein, causing GDP (guanosine 5'-diphosphate) associated with the G protein to be phosphorylated to GTP (guanosine 5'- triphosphate), which initiates detachment of alpha subunit. The alpha subunit binds with adenylyl cyclase, which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP (adenosine 5'-triphosphate to adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) (Guyton and Hall, 2006). cAMP then inhibits myosin light chain kinase which is responsible for the contraction and hence constriction of bronchial smooth muscle (Klabunde, 2008). The inhibition of myosin light chain kinase promotes the physical relaxation and hence dilation of the smooth muscle lining of the affected airways whic h improves the potential for improved respiration which is key to addressing several pulmonary disorders Evidence of Clinical Effectiveness Despite being the most used ?2-agonist, research on the clinical effectiveness of Salbutamol had contradicting results. In a randomized control trial on salbutamol against preterm labor, 100 women, ages 17-32 years old and between 20-37 weeks pregnant, were recruited.

Analysis Of The Play Streetcar Named Desire Essay

Analysis Of The Play Streetcar Named Desire - Essay Example The play discusses how Blanche’s life was full of menaces. She had just been sacked from work and realized that her husband was a homosexual. Later on, in the play, Stanley raped Blanche, and this resulted in a nervous breakdown. The character of Blanche is based on Williams’ sister, Rose Williams, who had mental health issues (Williams 9). The main characters of the play are Blanche DuBois, Stella Kowalski, Stanley Kowalski, Harold â€Å"Mitch† Mitchell, and Eunice. Blanche DuBois is Stella’s older sister (Williams 3). DuBois was a high school English teacher. She is a fragile and loquacious woman around the age of 30. After the death of Reve and Belle, the DuBois family, Blanche goes to New Orleans to the Kowalski apartment and reveals that she is totally destitute. Stella Kowalski, on the other hand, is Blanche’s younger sister around the age of 25 (Williams 4). Stella has the same timeworn titled heritage as her sister DuBois. Stella is more poised with self-beauty and considers aging a curse (Williams 15). Stanley Kowalski is Stella’s husband. He is the epitome of a significant force. Stanley is loyal to his friends, adores his wife, and is cruel to Blanche. Harold Mitchell is Stanley’s army friend and poker buddy. Mitchell courted Blanche until he discovered she had lied about he r past, which made him leave. Finally, Eunice is Stella’s friend and also landlady. Eunice represents the lower class. A key theme that is dominant in the play is the relationship between sex and death. Blanche’s fear of death portrays itself in her fears of lost beauty and aging skin (Williams 12). Blanche refuses to appear in the harsh light, which reveals her real looks, and to tell anybody her true age. She appears to believe that through asserting her sexuality, particularly to men, she might be able to overcome death and revisit the  teenage life which she experienced before her husband’s suicide. According to Blanche, sex is the cause of death. Throughout the play, Blanche has memories of her ancestors who passed away due to the act (Williams 12).

Cochlear implants and the debate within the deaf community. Arguing Research Paper

Cochlear implants and the debate within the deaf community. Arguing that cochlear implants have been beneficial for the deaf community - Research Paper Example The external components of the implant contains a microphone that is to be worn behind the ear of the patient, attached to a magnetic transmitter, which is attached to the earpiece and a sound processor. Once the implantation is complete, an audiologist uses a computer to set the speech processor for the patient. The audiologist sets the processor and programmes it to the appropriate levels of auditory stimulation between sound received from environment and brain nerve cells (Cochlear 1; Ouellette 1248). Once the processor is set, the microphone receives sounds from the environment and sends it to the speech processor, which then performs computation, and transforms the sound to electrical codes and digital format. The digital codes are sent to the outer ear component as coded signals bypassing the ear hairs. The magnetic transformer behind the ear then takes these codes, transforms them to electrodes arrays, and interfaces them to the cochlea. Then the internal device in the cochlea takes these arrays and stimulates the auditory nerves fibers that are connected to the brain, whereby the arrays are sent by the auditory nerve of the person to the brain for interpretation (Cochlear 1). This paper seeks to establish that cochlear implants technology is beneficial to the deaf community despite their opposition to the implants during their inception. In order to alleviate fears of the deaf community there have been improvements in cochlea implants technology over time and hence increased rate of success to patients who have undergone the procedure. Ideally, the procedure is meant to be applied to infants born deaf or those who have developed deafness in their early days. This is because cognitive development of a child into their senses and environment occurs between the ages of 0-3 years. Hence, if the procedure is undertaken during this

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Profits in equity are a function of timing and costs. Trading strategies are essentially focused on maximizing profits through cost maximization which in turn is linked with transaction costs. Thus cost of trading in also a consideration for determining trading strategy. Transaction costs are said to include commissions, execution and opportunity costs. (Collins. Fabozzi : 1991). Commissions are most easy to define as these are fixed and relate to the fees paid for trading. However there is a problem of measuring execution and opportunity costs as these are neither fixed nor can be easily measured. While a number of approaches have been developed for measuring opportunity and trading costs, a method to suit all circumstances has not been evolved thus far. The complexities involved and since minor differentials make major variation in profits an effective strategy to constantly provide yield is difficult. Investment strategies thus attempt to rationalize trading to provide benefits from execution as well as opportunity costs. Since there is no uniform strategy that can assure trading profits it is very difficult to balance the large number of factors which affect trades. Timing in fact is a constant which affects both opportunity and execution costs. Opportunity Costs and execution costs are both a variable component of transaction costs. Thus profits in transaction are determined by opportunity and execution costs and the balance that will be maintained between these. Opportunity costs are the performance shortfall that arises from a failure to execute the desired trade at the desired time. These indicate the difference between actual investment and the performance of a desired investment. This is adjusted for fixed and execution costs. Thus opportunity cost is incurred for not being able to implement the desired trade. Since opportunity costs are missed investment opportunities, these could in some respects be called hypothetical costs and thus are difficult to calculate. (Collins. Fabozzi : 1991) Execution costs arise out of the demand for immediate execution and are said to reflect the demand for liquidity and the trading activity at the time and date of conducting trade. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). These vary with the investment style and trading demands of the investor. Both information motivated traders and information less traders could use strategies to benefit from execution costs. The information motivated trader acts in the belief that he has superior information to that available to the average dealer. Thus he executes the trade using this information for making profits. This style of trading has a large price impact. On the other hand the information less trader allocates wealth based on a price which has been factored in the trade. These have a lesser impact than information motivated traders. The problem measuring execution costs occurs as the difference in the price of the costs in absence of a trade is not observable. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991) Execution costs are determined by market impact and market timing costs. Market impact costs are the bid/ask spread and a price concession that compensates the buyer or seller for the risk that the investor’s transaction is information motivated.   The Market timing costs arise due to the fact that at the time of execution of the trade the asset’s price moves for reasons which are not related to the transaction.   Market impact measurement is dependent on the pre trade measures, the post trade measures and also average measures which can be undertaken throughout the day. These approaches aim to define the fair value of the trade at a particular time. It is this that determines execution costs. Market making strategy thus attempts to balance opportunity and execution costs. Patient trading strategies may result in high execution costs while aggressive trading strategies could impact the other way. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). On the other hand the cost management methodology is designed to capture maximum elements of the transaction process. (Collins. Fabozzi: 1991). Execution costs are also shown to be higher in an automated trading process in Paris relative to the New York Stock Exchange with floor based trading with human intervention. The lower execution in floor based system suggests that there is benefit in human intervention in the trading process. This is possible as the NYSE specialist is able to maintain narrow spreads, can anticipate future order imbalances and also helps reduce the volatility of transitory movements in share prices. Thus as specialist and floor traders use the human intellect to make time preferred trades, execution costs in manual trading are considerably lower than those in automated trading. This is also supported by the role played by market makers in forming prices and providing liquidity in the securities market as per example gleaned from the trading behavior of market makers on the New York Stock Exchange. (Madhavan. Smidt: 1993).       Reference Madhavan, Ananth. Smidt, Seymour. (1993). `An Analysis of Changes in Specialist Inventories and Quotations`, Journal of Finance, Vol 48, 1993 2. Venkataraman, Kumar. `Automated Versus Floor Trading: An Analysis of Execution Costs on the Paris and New York Exchanges, Journal of Finance, Vol 56, No. 4 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collins, Bruce M. Fabozzi, Frank. (1991).   `A Methodology for Measuring Transaction Costs`, Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 1991. Preferred language style: English(U.K.)

Same sex marriage

Same sex marriage Same sex marriage is also referred to as the gay marriage or homosexual marriage. These kinds of marriages occur between two people who have similar gender characteristics. They are not as popular as the heterosexual form of marriage though their popularity has grown tremendously in the recent past. Again, the widely accepted definition of marriage does not exclude these marriages. According to the definition, marriage is a union of two individuals who are in love with each other. In some countries, they are legal but in other countries they are taken as immoral and should be punished or wiped from the society. For example many African countries are against this form of marriage due to their strict traditions. In countries like Kenya, Muslims who practice this form of marriage are likely to be subjected to mob violence. In the past, gay marriages where not recognized but due to the social changes in the society today some countries (states) have constitutionally recognized them. This essay focuses on the major reasons as to why some countries support this form of marriages while at the same time other countries demonize and reject them. There are both social and legal reasons as to why some countries like Canada, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands and some states in U.S among other countries support same sex marriages (Belgie 1). One of these legal reasons is the constitution which advocates every individuals right to marry whether gay or not. Again, denying same sex partners the right to marry may be interpreted to be discrimination against the minority. This is considering that they are not hurting anyone of the larger society. Studies have also continually indicated that people who get married are better off (emotionally, financially, psychologically and mentally). Based on this fact, same sex marriages will ultimately benefit the partners along the specified lines. From another perspective, they play a very vital role in helping individuals drop sexual lifestyle characterized by high risks. They are also allowed because they generally help in stabilizing the society. This is because stable families are believed to be t he cornerstone to a stable society. There are numerous reasons as to why gay marriages are still considered illegal in many countries. Firstly it is believed that the main objective in marriage is procreation and it is true that same sex couples cannot make babies. They are prohibited because many feel that they threaten the marriage institution. This is because some people are likely leave their partners and engage into the gay practices. Another reason is that gay marriages offend everything that religion stands for. This is because most of the biblical studies advocate for heterosexual form of marriages. Many also feel that the legalization of gay marriages would legitimize homosexuality in the society which spell a new locus in regard to family and society. Many people also feel that the legalization of gay marriages would promote homosexuality in the public schools. This is because marriage is one of the basics taught in school and it legalization would not only inform the children about homosexuality but also enc ourage them into practicing it. The legalizing of the homosexual marriages is highly discouraged by some societies because they fear that it will erode its heterosexual cultural beliefs in the society. Many gay individuals have been pushing for the legalization of this behavior however many governments have rejected them. In U.S, states like California, New York, Rhode Island, Washington D.C, Massachusetts and New Mexico have legalized same sex marriages (Vestal 1). Others are expected to follow suit as the trend gains popularity. This has been heightened by the fact that some of renowned public figures have stood out in their support. Many should however note that gay marriages have both merits and demerits. It may be the countries which have legalized find it advantageous to the society. Works cited Vestal, Christine. Gay marriage legal in six states, April 08, 2009. Retrieved on 15th February, 2010, from http://www.stateline.org/live/details/story?contentId=347390

Computers in the Classroom: Benefits for Different Learning Styles :: Education Teaching

Computers in the Classroom: Benefits for Different Learning Styles Who could have ever known that technology would rock the new era! Its constant growth has what made its presence so predominant in today’s world, and now even in today’s classroom. More and more classrooms are being infiltrated by this growing technological genius. From the internet, to software, it offers endless amounts of resources and knowledge to it’s user with just the touch of a button. In fact, computers give benefits to any student in the classroom even if they may have a different learning style. Whether the student is a visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learner, the computer offers something for everyone. The computer brings many benefits to the classroom environment even without focusing on separate learning styles. The internet of course is a humongous advantage! With its millions of sources and websites, the internet allows us to find basically any kind of information we need without even having to open a book. Also you can take your work with you anywhere you want to go, even home. â€Å"Nationally, only about 40% of homes have computers in them† (Foulger p1). This is a very sad statistic considering the flexibility computer databases allow. You can even save your work to a disk and upload it onto another computer if you do not have access to the original computer you started working on. This is a major plus for many teachers and students because it allows them to keep grades calculated, and keep work organized. The use of computers in the classroom also can significantly decrease the amount of paper use making it more environmentally friendly. The only time a computer cal ls for the use of paper is when someone needs to print something out, where as with manual work there is always the constant use of paper as a writing canvas. Computers give teachers the option to have students save their work either to a disk, the hard drive or to an internet software program (such as Blackboard) for grading. This benefit also decreases the chance of those disorganized type teachers from losing your paper or having piles and piles of papers upon their desk just waiting for grading. With the use of technology and all the new intelligence coming out, computers and computer programs are becoming more and more beneficial. There are hundreds of programs now out there that can help students to learn any subject matter from spelling and reading, to physics and philosophy.

Nrega Scheme a Success Essay

Is NREGA(National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) a success or a failure? The NREGA is an Indian Job Guarantee scheme, enacted by the legislation on Aug 25,2005. The scheme provides a legal guarantee for one hundred days of employment in every financial year to adult members of any rural household at a wage of Rs 120 per day. So almost after five years of its commencement can NREGA be considered a success ? This essay will consider a number of explanations for concluding the impact of NREGA. My argument would be that definitely NREGA has been a success. First of all we need to remember that NREGA is a programme without precedent. No other employment programme has even come close to being implemented on such a large scale. So the output can’t be compared to that of any other programmes. Taking into account the success story of the Pandurni village in the Nanded district of Maharastra which won the award for the best performance in implementing the Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme for 2009-2010, we can see that around 1500 people from the village are registered under this scheme from which around 800 have been benifited from it. Pandurni has completed over 100 irrigation projects. Of these projects one that has been remarkable is the rocky bund built by around 200 villagers, to prevent soil erosion. Officials claim that implementation of the scheme on such a large scale here has prevented the migration of labourers to other districts. Similar success stories have also been reported from various villages of Rajasthan. NREGA has created more work for rural people than any other programme since independence. If we look at the coverage of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, if we look at the participation of women, if we look at the financial inclusion that we have achieved about more than 10 crore bank accounts and post office accounts that have been opened for NREGA workers then a lot can be said in terms of its achievements. It can be agreed to a fact that nothing in this world is an unmixed blessing. I agree if the NREGA has good side, it has a bad side also. But the ill effects have been largely due to corruption in our country. Its because of that only the ‘aam admi’(ordinary people) are not able to avail the proper benifits of the scheme. NREGA is a scheme which if implemented properly can benefit the labour class of our country.