America Needs a Variable Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage Essays

Minimum operate is the least amount of money that an employer is licitly required to pay an employee. It is something that all people in the American workforce sock about. It was make to pr even upt the employer from taking advantage of employees. It is what creates the b are stripped-down standard of living for the 73.9 million hourly pursue workers in the United States. However, there are many another(prenominal) varied business enterprises with varying amount of skills that are needed for those jobs. This is where the difficulty arises because a worker may still be under paid for the job that they do. This problem splits the population into two main groups, one that wants the minimum wage to be raised and a nonher that wants the minimum wage to remain the same, or to even be abolished. However there is a third and possibly more successful option that many people do not propose. Minimum wage as it stands now is too generalized and low for the scope of jobs it applies to. Th erefore this third option is that work wages should vary among the different sectors of the workforce depending on the different skills needed and effort required for those jobs.Minimum wage was first established in 1938 during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roosevelt to protect the tens of thousands of workers working in sweat shops and factories in America from exploitation. He signed the Fair Labor Standards Act that year which introduced various regulations including banning child labor, establishing workplace rubber eraser statutes and arguably the most influential, creating a minimum wage standard of 25 cents per hour. Historically, many employers and fiscal conservatives violently opposed the law arguing that minimum wage could damage employers, much as they argue now. But President Roosevelt... ....S 1) as people who earn this wage can not afford health insurance. It is not large to handle the different needs of the people who work in different work places a nd is not acceptable for people who work for far less(prenominal) than they legally should get. Works CitedSoltas, Evans.Two Reasons Not to Raise minimum occupyWage. Bloomberg News, Web Jan 03, 2013.Messerli Joe. Should the Minimum Wage be Abolished (i.e Reduced to $0.00). BalancedPolitics, web. Oct 12, 2013.Romer, Christina. The Business of the Minimum Wage NYTIMES, web. exhibit 2, 2013.The Economist.Trickle-up economics Raising the minimum wage 16 Feb. 2013 30(US), Student Resources in Context. Web, 18 Oct, 2013.History of the United States Minimum Wage Marathon Studios Enterprises, web. 30 Oct, 2013Winter, Michael. L.A. to make headway minimum wage to $15, USA TODAY May 19, 2015 America Needs a Variable Minimum Wage Essay -- Minimum Wage EssaysMinimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer is legally required to pay an employee. It is something that all people in the American workforce know about. It was made to prevent the employer from taking ad vantage of employees. It is what creates the bare minimum standard of living for the 73.9 million hourly wage workers in the United States. However, there are many different jobs with varying amount of skills that are needed for those jobs. This is where the problem arises because a worker may still be under paid for the job that they do. This problem splits the population into two main groups, one that wants the minimum wage to be raised and another that wants the minimum wage to remain the same, or to even be abolished. However there is a third and possibly more successful option that many people do not propose. Minimum wage as it stands now is too generalized and low for the scope of jobs it applies to. Therefore this third option is that working wages should vary among the different sectors of the workforce depending on the different skills needed and effort required for those jobs.Minimum wage was first established in 1938 during the Great Depression by President Franklin Roose velt to protect the tens of thousands of workers working in sweat shops and factories in America from exploitation. He signed the Fair Labor Standards Act that year which introduced various regulations including banning child labor, establishing workplace safety statutes and arguably the most influential, creating a minimum wage standard of 25 cents per hour. Historically, many employers and fiscal conservatives violently opposed the law arguing that minimum wage could hurt employers, much as they argue now. But President Roosevelt... ....S 1) as people who earn this wage can not afford health insurance. It is not enough to handle the different needs of the people who work in different work places and is not acceptable for people who work for far less than they legally should get. Works CitedSoltas, Evans.Two Reasons Not to Raise minimum WageWage. Bloomberg News, Web Jan 03, 2013.Messerli Joe. Should the Minimum Wage be Abolished (i.e Reduced to $0.00). BalancedPolitics, web. Oct 1 2, 2013.Romer, Christina. The Business of the Minimum Wage NYTIMES, web. March 2, 2013.The Economist.Trickle-up Economics Raising the minimum wage 16 Feb. 2013 30(US), Student Resources in Context. Web, 18 Oct, 2013.History of the United States Minimum Wage Marathon Studios Enterprises, web. 30 Oct, 2013Winter, Michael. L.A. to boost minimum wage to $15, USA TODAY May 19, 2015

Appalachian Musicians And Singers And The Songs They Write :: essays research papers

Appalachian Musicians And Singers and The Songs They WriteGrowing up in Appalachia and around its practice of medicine has made a great impingement onmy life. I can remember, as if it were yesterday sitting on grandpas frontporch with my family singing along with Hillbilly songs on the radio. Alongwith entertaining the music eased the tensions of living a meager existence inAppalachia. By relating with these song writers and the stories in there songswe somehow find our life less sluggish and more bearable. Most country andgospel Appalachian song writers find the words to there songs in the day to dayexperiences of there lives.One of the or so prominent and universal types of music to come out of theAppalachian region is gospel music. Writing about the religious experiences onefelt at the transfigure or the hope of seeing a lost family member in the here afterhas been the subject of many Appalachian gospel song. Singers and song writers like Tennessee Ernie Ford and Ernest Tub have left us with joy in our harts andtears in our eyes. Singing and listening to songs like The Old Rugged get through hascarried over from generation to generation in Appalachia.Another branch of Appalachian music that encircle around religion isblue pasturage. One of the best known blue grass artists (Bill Monroe)Known also asthe father of bluegrass music, dedicated a portion of every performance to agospel bluegrass harmony number. Bluegrass became popular in the region for anumber of reasons. Not the least of which was the inexpensiveness of home madeinstruments.(Ergood and Kuhre 189) The relatively small size made theinstruments easily transported from home to home.The naval division of topics in Appalachian music can not be numbered. Thesubject of a song can be anything from the pine trees on the highest mountain tothe modify water in the stream at the bottom of the lowest holler or any thing inbetween. Anything seen heard or felt talent have a song written about it.Anot her brand of Appalachian music honky tonk music was made popular by a mannamed Hiram (Hank) Williams. Songs about cheating harts and Honky Tonkin mightno have been popular with the churches, but they were with the Appalachianworkers in the city bars that couldnt be waste home with there loved ones. HankWilliams, although not mentioned in our text had a high pitched pining soundthat was common among Appalachian singers. Blue grass instruments carried overinto this style of Appalachian music. Hillbilly as it is referred to in slang

Observations on Emersons Self-Reliance :: Emersons Self Reliance Essays

Observations on Self-Reliance Nothing can assume you peace plainly yourself. Nothing can bring you peace merely the triumph of principles . This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emersons Self Reliance. I am greatly novice by his ideas in this article. commit thyself was his advice and many Americans listened. They non only listened in Emersons lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas explicit in Self-Reliance, I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should non be what he is not. There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance that imitation is suicide. If a man is envious of other people, he impart ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he provide lose his identity - wish suicide. It is common to visualize a woman like me envious of other peo ple. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a spunkyer score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. nevertheless as I unendingly find out, when I praise the girl, people will say you are beautiful, too when I praise the classmate, people will say remember you got a higher score last time when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say he spend money that he did not have. There is always a the better side of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the termination of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I vista she was pretty cool. I bought the aforesaid(prenominal) dress, the same shoes, had the same vibrissa style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christia n Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the harsh rules of my mother, I began learning pianissimo assai and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best.Observations on Emersons Self-Reliance Emersons Self Reliance Essays Observations on Self-Reliance Nothing can bring you peace but yourself. Nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles . This quotation forms the closing two lines of Ralph Waldo Emersons Self Reliance. I am greatly enlightened by his ideas in this article. Trust thyself was his advice and many Americans listened. They not only listened in Emersons lifetime, but his individualistic concepts have reverberated up to the present time. After reading the ideas expressed in Self-Reliance, I have come to believe that self-reliance is the most important factor in my life. Emerson believes that a man should not be what he is not. There is a ti me in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance that imitation is suicide. If a man is envious of other people, he will ignore all merits of himself. If a man imitates other people, he will lose his identity - like suicide. It is common to find a woman like me envious of other people. I am jealous if a girl in the class is more beautiful than I. I am jealous if a classmate gets a higher score on tests. I am jealous if my neighbor has a better car. But as I always find out, when I praise the girl, people will say you are beautiful, too when I praise the classmate, people will say remember you got a higher score last time when I praise the car of the neighbor, people will say he spent money that he did not have. There is always a the better side of myself, which I cannot see because it is hindered by my own jealousy. Imitation is the result of jealousy. When I was in high school, I tried to imitate a girl in my class because I thought she was prett y cool. I bought the same dress, the same shoes, had the same hair style, and tried to act the same way. After one month, I was considered the least cool person in the class. I did not get what I wanted, but instead, lost what I had already had. I was born in a Christian Chinese family in Beijing, China. Under the strict rules of my mother, I began learning piano and Kung-fu when I was six, and many other things other children did not learn. From then on, I was always told to be the best, and I always thought I was the best.

Elaboration Likelyhood Essay -- essays research papers

Elaboration Likelihood 2IntroductionRecently the nation was bombarded with political ad campaigns of all shapes and sizes. There were the ads for and against succession, the ads that attempted to show Gray Davis as someone who could actually run the state of California, and the ads that didnt really seem to have any purpose at all. It is obvious that each of these campaigns was focuse on a particularized target audience. What may not have been so obvious was that each of the ad campaigns was also based upon the involvement or arouse of the voters (Perloff, 1993). This involvement or interest is a component of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. This theory helps advertising consultants decide what elections are important to voters and what elections have no relevance to anyone but lawmakers (Perloff, 1993). Important elections, such as the gubernatorial race will have strong arguments and depth while not so significant elections, such as the clean water initiative will rely on cue s that are undemanding in terms of the amount of brain power used (Perloff, 1993). The application of the Elaboration Likelihood Model to political campaigns is just one of the many practical uses of this theory. But before it is thinkable to examine other possible applications of the ELM, one must understand the basic ideas and factors that make it work. After a clear understanding of the ELM is devolved it will be shown in relation to the specific communication perspective that it fits into, and then used to evaluate a real life situation. Subsequent to the evaluation of the practical application the ELM will be scrutinized and summed up, but first the basics. Description of TheoryElaboration Likelihood 3The elaboration likelihood theory was created by two social scientists, Richard midget and conjuring trick Cacioppo, who sought to create a model of notion that was more inclusive in terms of the range and depth in which the theory covered (Perloff, 1993). Petty and Cacioppos theory is a culmination of their research in the area of cognitive responses to persuasion and theories of attitude change (Perloff, 1993, p. 118). The ELM is a theory of persuasion with a central premise that seeks to explain how deeply an individual will elaborate the arguments of a persuasive message by examining the ind... ...ovements. First of all, Perloff (1993, p. 132) makes the point that in that respect should be more consideration of situational and personality factors that might interact to influence the touch oning strategy. Perloff (1993, p. 132) also would like to know how do people simultaneously process central and peripheral information? Elaboration Likelihood 10ReferencesBargh, J. A. (2002, September). Losing Consciousness Automatic Influences on Consumer Judgment, Behavior, and Motivation. Journal of Consumer Research,29 (2).Littlejohn, S. W. (2001). Theories of Human Communication. Albuquerque, NM Wadsworth.Perloff, R. M. (1993). The Dynamics of Persuasion. Hi llsdale, NJ Lawrence Eribaum Assoc.Sereno, K. (2002, Fall). Comm 200 Communication as a Social Science. Lecture Notes.Stephenson, M. T., Benoit, W. L., Tschida, D. A. (2001). Testing the Mediating Role of Cognitive Responses in the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Communication Studies, 52 (4), 324-338.

Road Construction in the Amazon :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Road Construction in the Amazon When one thinks of the Amazonian rain forest, it is very unlikely that paved roads and highways get out come to the imagination. Unfortunately, in the past 35 years road device has been the main reason for the deforestation in Brazils Amazon basin. In an effort to poke out its frontiers and develop economically the impenetrable areas of the country, Brazils government has launched a series of sound projections aimed at improving the infrastructure in the Amazon region. This included mainly the building of queen-size transport arteries such as the Trans- Amazon highway and the subsidizing of small-scale farming along those arteries. The National Development Plans (NDPs) did not meet their initial goals since few race settled in the newly expanded areas and those who settled still suffered from low income, lack of educational opportunities and low life expectancy.1The negative impact on the environment of the planned human expansion is tremendous. It has been estimated that 10 million hectares of the Amazon forest have been destroyed due to clear-cutting, burning, slash-and-burn agriculture and conversion to pastures. Deforestation is caused mainly by road construction since 74% of the converted areas is within 50 km of roads.1 This clearly shows that frontier expansion and colonization for economical and social reasons has a ruin effect on the environment. The Brazilian Amazon is the largest piece of undisturbed rain forest and, unfortunately, this natural treasure is being damaged very carelessly and at an extremely high rate. Despite the above grim conclusions, the Brazilian government persists in its effort to expand the infrastructure by appropriating more and more place down from the heart of the Amazon basin. In 1999, the government started a new program, called Avana Brazil (Forward Brazil), which intends to add 6,245 km of paved highways and 1,600 km of railroads to the existing transportation network. The highlig hts of the project include the construction of the Santarem-Cuiaba and Porto Velho-Manaus highways, which would traverse pristine forest areas.1There is a heated debate about the effects on the environment of the new construction project. Researchers and environmentalists predict that Avana Brazil will cause deforestation at a rate between 269,000 and 506,000 hectares per year. They also accuse the Brazilian government in negligence and corruption, because Avana Brazil was approved without the necessary environmental assessment reports from the Ministry of the Environment.2 Government officials claim that measures have been taken to minimize the negative impact on the environment, but do not present facts and examples of how this is being done.

Road Construction in the Amazon :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Road Construction in the Amazon When one thinks of the Amazonian rain forest, it is very(prenominal) unlikely that pave roads and highways will come to the imagination. Unfortunately, in the past 35 years road construction has been the main reason for the deforestation in Brazils Amazon basin. In an effort to expand its frontiers and develop economically the impenetrable areas of the country, Brazils government has launched a series of projects aimed at improving the infrastructure in the Amazon region. This included primarily the building of big transport arteries such as the Trans- Amazon highway and the subsidizing of small-scale farming along those arteries. The National Development Plans (NDPs) did not meet their sign goals since few people settled in the newly expanded areas and those who settled still suffered from low income, lack of educational opportunities and low life expectancy.1The banish tinge on the surround of the planned human expansion is tremendous. It has bee n estimated that 10 million hectares of the Amazon forest have been destroyed due to clear-cutting, burning, slash-and-burn agriculture and conversion to pastures. deforestation is caused mainly by road construction since 74% of the converted areas is within 50 km of roads.1 This clearly shows that frontier expansion and colonization for economical and cordial reasons has a devastating effect on the environment. The Brazilian Amazon is the largest piece of undisturbed rain forest and, unfortunately, this natural treasure is being damaged very carelessly and at an extremely high rate. Despite the above grim conclusions, the Brazilian government persists in its effort to expand the infrastructure by appropriating more and more land from the heart of the Amazon basin. In 1999, the government started a new program, called Avana Brazil (Forward Brazil), which intends to add 6,245 km of paved highways and 1,600 km of railroads to the breathing transportation network. The highlights of the project include the construction of the Santarem-Cuiaba and Porto Velho-Manaus highways, which would traverse pristine forest areas.1There is a heated debate about the effects on the environment of the new construction project. Researchers and environmentalists predict that Avana Brazil will cause deforestation at a rate between 269,000 and 506,000 hectares per year. They also accuse the Brazilian government in negligence and corruption, because Avana Brazil was approved without the necessary environmental assessment reports from the Ministry of the Environment.2 Government officials claim that measures have been taken to minimize the negative impact on the environment, but do not present facts and examples of how this is being done.

A child & mom Essay

A child enters your classroom crying and screaming not wanting mom to leave. He has right been told, this morning, his daddy is leaving his mom and two brothers to live with another woman. What would you do? Why? To address this concern, what I sens do is to approach the child with a smiling face and ask him a question in a soft voice about the cause of his crying. Based on the reading, it is necessary to glide by with a child which promotes an interest about his current situation ( chief(prenominal)e Cooperative Extension, 2008).I can start with a simple Hello and ask him may I please help you? If the child pull up stakes respond in a positive dash, I can directly ask him why he is feeling bad even though I know the situation. I can come out of the classroom and accompany him to his mother outside so that the three of us can fork out a conversation and to let the child see that I am interested to accommodate him by having a scripted talk with his p arent.One very good appr oach is to tell the child in front of his mother that all the kids inside the classroom are in reality waiting for him to become their new friend. Having a conversation with him in front of his parent can boost his confidence with me since he leave come out my presence with his mother that I am a person whom his she can trust upon his welfare. The aspect of saying to him that the whole class is waiting can provoke the child that there are other people interested in him apart from his parents.Also, I could tell the child that each of the students in the class too had to cry loud during their source days in school but when they were able to meet their new friends, they had to tell their moms to leave because they know that parents cannot be snarled in childs play because they are too big which is something singular. This approach can help the child realize that he is not actually alone and that crying is a normal experience during the first day in school.Moreover, the comedic aspect of parents playing with the class can provide a remainder that it is actually funny and will not impose a shame effect on the part of the boy. When he calms down and after I provoke gained his trust, I will invite him inside the classroom and offer him a seat. I will not open up the issue about his family concerns since this may just complicate his feelings towards interacting with other people. It is much appropriate to have him forget his internal family problems at least inside class so that he can be more productive in learning.Scenario 2 Your students keep getting up from their desks during journal writing time to sharpen their pencils. As they walk among the tables, they are constantly disrupting the other children who are operative quietly on their journals. The students that finish first are alike talking and laughing. The remaining students are having job concentrating on finishing their assignment. What should you do? Why? First of all, it would be effective to impose a technical resolution in a funny way of teaching them the appropriate behavior in doing their personal tasks.Since it is too embarrassing to pinpoint a single child who disrupts others when writing journals, I can first get the attention of the whole class and tell them that I have a funny story to tell. This will involve a make-up scenario on what disruptive walking can induce to other people. I will try to tell the story of a fictional previous student of mine while demonstrating them how it is problematic to disturb others while walking. I could create a scene where I will get a volunteer who will be writing on a table and then I will exaggerate my walk bumping my hips to the childs table while making funny faces.Of course, I will intend to overdo the act so that it will be very obvious for them to see that the child volunteer will have hard time writing on his paper due to my actions. This funny scenario will induce laughing all over the classroom but will also let th em realize that walking in a prim way between the tables is essential so that other students will not be disturbed. On the part of the noisy children who finish first, I could set up a simple guide that will separate them from those who are still working on their journals.I could allocate a small space at the back of the room complete with tables and chairs for a few students. Then I will tell them that it is sometimes very good to have non-verbal communication and it is more exciting to exchange thoughts by sending small notes even if the person you are talking to is right beside you. I could hand them small scratch papers in which they can write what they want to say to each other so that they will not need to talk verbally.The procedure can bring them excitement since they will need to write first on a small-arm of paper before they can send their messages to another person. This will not only minimize noise inside the class but will also enhance their writing and comprehension skills. Overall, the other students who are still working on their journals will be able to finish their work without any distractions.ReferencesMain Cooperative Extension. 2008. Winning Ways to Talk with Young Children. University of Maine. Retrieved February 6, 2008 from http//www. umext. maine. edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/4077. htm.

Is Pride to Blame in the Antigone Tragedy? Essay

The mess of Creon is sealed by his decision to make an example of his niece, and quickly becomes tragic in Antigone. Creon shows us his lack of leadership skills by creating situations in which he loses the respect of his advisors, and the love of his family. The inability to overcome foolish pride is Creons greatest fault and the trail cause of his fall from grace.Initially, the author uses foreshadowing to hint at the upcoming turn of events. Choragos statement during the Parodos For God hates utterly The bray of bragging tongues warns that no creation is above Gods wrath (Sophocles 1327-8). This prediction comes to fruition as the rotting corpse brings disease and wild beasts to Thebes. The deaths of Creons family can also be seen as Gods way of punishing him for his foolishness.Additionally, Sophocles uses irony to demonstrate why pride is considered a mortal sin. Creons belief that he controls the fate of his loyal subjects is shattered when his son takes his own life, follow ed by his wife. Only then does Creon realize how his blind fury over Antigone violating his decree has opened his mind to the indurate and hurtful behavior he has exhibited. Also, the irony that his blind prophet has better vision than Creon and the Elders reinforces how foolish Creon has been. Teiresias, Teiresias, how clearly you saw it all shouts Choragos upon learning of the Queens suicide (Sophocles 1349).Finally, the setting in the tragedy has strong correlations to how Creons perception changes. While amongst his cronies, Creon believes that his will is infallible. And the City proposes to teach me how to rule? My region is the one voice giving orders in the City argues Creon to Haimons pleadings for Antigones life to be spared (Sophocles 1339). However, once the setting moves away from the palace Creon starts to see things a little to a greater extent clearly. Upon arriving at the tomb which he had Antigone imprisoned, Creons evils are unmasked to his eyes, and he now unde rstands all too painfully what his pride has caused.There were many points in which Creon could pick up changed his decision on Antigones fate without losing the respect of his subjects or jeopardize his authority. Although Creons advisors, the sentries, and his subjects fear him more than they have ever respected him, crisis could have been averted by showing the kingdom he could be merciful. The image of a strong ruler Creon decided was of the utmost importance turns out to be just an image. So has been the fate of so many before King Creon, and so will be others that follow as long as they cannot overcome themselves.Work CitedSophocles. lit Drama 3. Eds. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 10th ed. Boston/NY Bedford/St. Martins, 2007. 1324-52.

Alcohol Use Disorders

The amount of create verbally and published materials approximately inebriantic beverage and alcohol think disorders continue to grow everyday because the role of these written output is to chronicle how human society is moving forward alongside medical and psychological development that give the bounce handle the cases that come up in line with people and the psychological and mental dilemma they face after breaching the limits of excessive alcohol intake.Reflected in the paper atomic number 18 either opinions of specialists or products of intense study in the part of the specialist.This paper is designed to capture as much discipline as possible that arouse lead to the continuation of the structure block process required in the continued creation and improvement of socially shared knowledge, and today, Internet and magazine articles, private journals as well as news and professional journals in the sphere of influence of medicine, psychiatry and psychology are consistent ly fulfilling the role they are designated for. Basically, the paper is geared so that people can know more.This paper gave a very short description about alcohol and its role in the society, as well as in our wellness how it is being abused and taken in excess and what are its repercussions to health, especially in the mental soundness of a person. The paper included in its handling the salient points of Kalapis arguments and the newfound analysis on the changing behavior of college students and the fading concept of controlled drinking.The paper will to a fault discuss published works and link stories about alcohol and anxiety disorder as well as kids who are suffering from ADHD and how alcohol intake can gravely take up them in their lives sooner or later.Mental health and alcohol intake and the impact of nigh of the drugs given to patients to cure mental problems and how it affects the patients are also discussed in the paper, along with concerns that involve alcohol and d isorders in sleeping such as the sleep related breathing disorder or SRBD.Introduction The Institute of Alcohol Studies labeled alcohol as the second most widely consumed psychoactive drug in the world because of the promise of the alcohols after effects.Since the beginning of the establishment of the sciences and field of medical specializations that are capable of studying and analyzing the impact of alcohol in the mental health of the people, the influx of inputs backed with medical and scientific proofs extracted through agreeable and reliable means have been consistent, enabling modern day professionals to constantly remind the people about the possible mental health risk they king face especially with uncontrolled intake of alcohol in huge dosages.Every year, new reading about alcohol related disorders pertaining to mental health are made available, and the purpose of this paper is to provide a collated and descriptive database of the new and updated information about alco hol.According to an Institute of Alcohol Studies paper, problems on alcohol and mental health have a close relationship with each other, people with mental health problems are at raised risk of alcohol problems and vice versa (IAS, 2007). Something that has to do with this partly is because of the intertwined nature of the two.One of the most common reactions of mentally bothered individuals is to resort to a means wherein he or she is free to recreate the world, something which is easily through with the help of alcohol, while some excessive drinkers are experiencing an altered world because of the toxicity of the body from the high level of alcohol intake.There are many reasons why, and some of which may include the fact that alcohol intake for some is an act that can enable a person to cope with whatever problem he or she is experiencing at the moment, which includes depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders, manic- depressive illness and even schizophrenia.Alcohol Rela ted Disorders is one of the many disorders included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, quaternate Edition, Text Revision, or simply the DSM-IV-TR.Indicated in the DSM-IV-TR under the topic Alcohol Related Disorders are several other sub topics that talk about alcohol related disorders, namely the following Abuse, Dependence, bring on Anxiety Disorder, Induced Mood Disorder, Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Induced Persisting Dementia, Induced Psychotic Disorder, With Delusions, Induced Psychotic Disorder, With Hallucinations, Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Induced Sleep Disorder, Intoxication, Intoxication Delirium, Related Disorder NOS, Withdrawal and Withdrawal Delirium.Because of the scope and breadth of the discussion alcohol related disorder, the paper will try its best to exhaust every possible source to bring to light updated and published works that present new and updated information regarding the development in the different field of science that directly or indirectly affects one or every alcohol related disorder topic.New Findings about Alcohol-Related Disorders Alcohol, alcoholism and the resulting physical and social impact brought about by concerns stemming from the uncontrolled and unchecked use of alcohol is the reason why specialists in different fields are working non-stop in trying to find answers and remedies to prevailing questions and problems that directly involve alcohol purpose and alcoholism.Practicing professionals as well as academicians take an all-important(prenominal) role in the task of updating the data bank of the collective societal consciousness with regards to the newest information involving mental and psychological health and alcohol consumption and dependence.These information are sometimes handed over to the people in the next echelon who are capable of mass communication like media entities and school teachers and instructors, as well as health service personnel and non-government org anizations that are geared in helping the society cope with the persisting problem of alcoholism, trying to honor its impact on the society and its people (and their health) to a modest minimum.This paper is geared in presenting a collection of new and update findings that focuses and affects the problems on alcohol-related disorders in the hope that these new information can help the readers be more informed of such types of disorders, how they can be checked and detected, how it can be avoided and how it can be cured.The information included in this paper includes notes on the paper and talk of Elissavet Kapaki, through the work Alcoholic dementia myth or naturalism? which was published online on 2006.Information about the published study of William R. Yates, M.D. on August 23, 2007 about Anxiety Disorders in the Emedicine WebMD website, as well as the useful information from Steven Gans, MD regarding the impact of alcohol and the risk of suffering from alcohol related disorders among children suffering from ADHD syndrome in the article published May of this year, are also included in this paper.The paper also notes how the increase in cases of excessive beer drinking among college students and how it impacts the students psychological frame of mind, as mentioned in the article Binge drinking, birth control pill abuse intensify at colleges, a March, 2007 article from the Associated Press and published by the search engine MSN in partnership with NBC (MSNBC).

The Odyssey: Book 5/6 Summary & Analysis

Chapter 5 All the gods except Poseidon gather again on Mount Olympus to discuss Odysseuss fate. Athenas speech in support of the hero prevails on Zeus to intervene. Hermes, messenger of the gods, is sent to Calypsos island to tell her that Odysseus must at last be allowed to leave so he can return home. In reply, Calypso delivers an impassioned indictment of the male gods and their double standards. She complains that they are allowed to income tax return mortal lovers spell the affairs of the female gods must always be frustrated. In the end, she submits to the supreme will of Zeus.By now, Odysseus wholly remains of the contingent that he direct at Troy his crew and the other boats in his force were all destroyed during his journeys. Calypso helps him build a new boat and stocks it with provisions from her island. With sadness, she watches as the object of her love sails away. After eighteen days at sea, Odysseus spots Scheria, the island of the Phaeacians, his next destination appointed by the gods. Just then, Poseidon, returning from a bring pop to the land of the Ethiopians, spots him and realizes what the other gods have done in his absence.Poseidon stirs up a storm, which nearly drags Odysseus under the sea, but the goddess Ino comes to his rescue. She gives him a veil that keeps him safe after his ship is wrecked. Athena too comes to his rescue as he is tossed back and forth, now out to the deep sea, now against the jagged rocks of the swoop. Finally, a river up the coast of the island answers Odysseuss prayers and allows him to swim into its waters. He throws his protective veil back into the water as Ino had commanded him to do and walks inland to easiness in the safe cover of a forest.Calypo complains to the gods that the male gods always get to have relationships with mortal females whereas the goddesses Summary Book 6 That night, Athena appears in a dream to the Phaeacian princess Nausicaa, disguised as her friend. She encourages the puppyi sh princess to go to the river the next day to wash her clothes so that she will appear more fetching to the many men courting her. The next morning, Nausicaa goes to the river, and while she and her handmaidens are naked, playing ball as their clothes dry on the ground, Odysseus wakes in the forest and encounters them.Naked himself, he humbly yet winningly pleads for their assistance, never revealing his identity. Nausicaa leaves him alone to wash the dirt and brine from his body, and Athena makes him look especially handsome, so that when Nausicaa sees him again she begins to fall in love with him. Afraid of causing a barb if she walks into the city with a strange man at her side, Nausicaa gives Odysseus directions to the palace and advice on how to approach Arete, queen of the Phaeacians, when he meets her. With a prayer to Athena for hospitality from the Phaeacians, Odysseus sets out for the palace.Analysis Books 56 Our first encounter with Odysseus confirms what we have alread y learned about him from Menelauss and Helens accounts of his feats during the Trojan War and what Homers audience would already have known that Odysseus is very cunning and deliberative. The poet takes pains to show him weighing every decision whether to try landing against the rocky coast of Scheria whether to rest by the river or in the shelter of the woods and whether to embrace Nausicaas knees (the customary gesture of supplication) or address her from afar.The shrewd and measured approach that these instances submit balances Odysseuss warrior mentality. Though aggressive and determined, he is far from rash. Instead, he is shrewd, cautious, and extremely self-confident. At one point, he even ignores the goddess Inos advice to abandon ship, trusting in his seafaring abilities and declaring, Its what seems best to me (5. 397). In each case, he makes a decision and converts thought to action with speed and poise. In his encounter with Nausicaa, a obese example of his skill in i nteracting with people and charisma, his subdued approach comes off as endearing, sly and suave (6. 162).

Independent learning Essay

pupil VOICES BOOK_Lay break through 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 115 The Foundation Programme, I deal, taught me how to bring and be a person who is more than reliant on myself. So if I beart do the work and I take int reap the grades, I know it is on me. Varsity is where you chip in to be more responsible for all your actions. You render to be aw be of whatever you ar doing. You erect cant be negli- gent. (Chipo ? MSAFP) At university, you are bonny given engagements at the fountain of the semester and then you go through to diagnose sure that you do them healthful in time. in that respect is no one to manage you and push you to do those assignments.In high school the teachers al-ways request you nearly the assignments Did you do it? Why didnt you do the as- signment well, and on time? But here if you breakt do the assignment on time, they subtract marks and then you fail. (Lebogang ? MSAFP) Like them, Tony and Jaco in like manner emphasised that a pupil mus tiness take responsibil- ity for their studies. For Tony, rather than parents, you decide and for Jaco, every(prenominal)thing is meet up to you. I think it is all about you winning duty for your own work. You ? nd in high school, if youre with your parents, your parents are on that point to order pressure on you. You ? nd your parents reading, No more TV. Go and theater of operations now. But now, its you yourself. You decide your demand times. You decide whether youre going to do an assignment or non. You symmetry your social life and your school life. You balance it yourself. Its not your parents who do that for you now. (Tony ? MSAFP) Basically time management is left to you for everything. You dont progress to people telling you that this has to be done. Everything is only up to you. For me, it wasnt a challenge because I had come from a working background. (Jaco ? MSAFP) Similarly, condition DoTS schoolchilds highlighted that taking responsibility to learn is e ssential for persisting with university pick out.Pip and Copernicus likewise empha- sised the importance of keeping up to date without the guidance of teachers and parents. For Pip, taking responsibility was quite hard, while for Copernicus, taking responsibility was one of the biggest things. I depend just learning for ourselves and taking that much responsibility for our own learning, that was quite hard. (Pip ? DoTS) Compared to high school, everythings your responsibility now. You turn in to make sure you do it. I think that was de? nitely one of the biggest things for me. If I was going to struggle with anything, it was being responsible. (Copernicus ?DoTS)Alicia, Kirsty, Tara and gunk hearsidered taking responsibility for their studies to be depart of becoming unaffiliated. For Alicia, youve got to keep on covert of it and for Kirsty its all strong-minded and theres no one chasing you. Its very indepen scraping here. Youve got to keep on top of it. Theres no one to t ell you, This is where youve got to be at. (Alicia ? DoTS) Its all up to you I suppose. Its all independent. If you dont do the readings, theres no one chasing you to say youve got to do them. If you dont assume an as- signment in, there are not many excuses you can use to extend an extension.(Kirsty ? DoTS) CH A P TE R 6 INDEPENDENT erudition 116 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 116 Like them, Tara and Max emphasised the importance of taking responsibility for their studies. For Tara, its up to you. For Max, university assume involves less guidance basically and you do it on your own. Obviously its up to you to get the assignment in on time. To write it, youre not genuinely going to have a sell of help from former(a) people like teachers. It was hard to be responsible for yourself, not having the teachers constantly having tabs on you and things like that, and not guiding you through.That took me a little while just I got used to it eventually. (Tara ? D oTS) First year wasnt dissimilar to high school. It was with less guidance basically. So there was just the requirement for you to be more independent, to go out and do it on your own. (Max ? DoTS) For school leavers who were used to being reminded by teachers to complete their work, an adjustment to independent learning at university was a unappeasable con- trast, tho they emphasised the centrality of independent learning in university study. Rachel, Meg and Caitlyn each re? ected on the dif? culty of working inde- pendently.For Rachel, poring over without a teacher supervising her was the hard- est. opus for Meg, adjusting to not having anyone to remind her was the most dif? cult thing, Caitlyn observed nobody is going to chase you. Having to work by myself at home Id say was the hardest, because the teachers werent sitting there saying, Right, youve got 45 minutes to get this piece of work done. Go and do it. (Rachel ? DoTS) The most dif? cult thing was likely not so much t he fact that you are on your own, scarcely the fact that people wont remind you. Youve got to make sure that youve got that assignment done. Thats all on you.I think the responsibility was pretty heavy because youre so used to everybody else taking care of you. Now youre a grown-up, youre here and youve got to do it yourself. (Meg ? DoTS) Here you have to be independent. null is going to chase you if you dont hand in the assignment. Not that lecturers dont care, but youre just another name on the list. Their job is to teach and your job is to learn and if youre not keeping up your end, I supposal its just too bad. (Caitlyn ? DoTS) Besides taking responsibility for their own learning, former pathways learners also struggled with self-motivation, self-discipline, and self-direction.Sammy, Marie and Tony all learned to direct themselves to study. For Sammy, you have to learn to do things. For Marie, you dont have anyone on your back telling you. For Tony, not completing work is the school-age childs loss. independence matters most. I would also say self-motivation. It taught me to study for myself because of the deadlines and the lecturers were pushing. You have to learn to do things for yourself because no one is going to do them for you. (Sammy ? MSAFP) I think a lot of people struggle with self-discipline, especially if you dont have anyone on your back telling you, Look, its 8 oclock.You have to go to chassis. (Marie ? MSAFP) If you dont do it, it is your loss. (Tony ? MSAFP) INDEPENDENT LEARNING 117 6 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 117 In contrast, Jaco arrived as a very self-directed student who had no trouble keep- ing up to date. For Jaco, if you start something, you ? nish it. Im one person to really work to my timetable. I dont like to be late for anything. If anything needs to be done, it needs to be done the proper way. Thats some- thing Ive grown up with from my parents. If you start something, you ? nish it, period, wit hin the time frame. (Jaco ? MSAFP).Choosing to be a university student and qualification a conscious decision to learn are important for becoming a self-directed bookman. Caitlyn, Denise and Sorcha pointed out that each student must make the choice to study for themselves. For Caitlyn, a student ? not the persons mother ? must make the decision to do it. For Denise, a student must postulate to do it. For Sorcha, a student must make out self-regulated and must be enkindle in studying. Being independent, having to do things for yourself, is hard. The work is chal- lenging, but I expected that. Its not like when youre in Year 12 and your mum wants you to ?nish and your school wants you to ? nish. My mum probably could- nt have told you what I was doing at uni. There is no one to sort of push you along. You have to make the decision to do it yourself. (Caitlyn ? DoTS) Studying at school youve got no choice. Youve got people on your back remind- ing you of what you have to do, when i t has to be done, and how to do it, whereas at university you have to be motivated and want to do it. You have to be self-directed. (Denise ? DoTS) You have to be interested in studying, otherwise no amount of motivation or teacher-in gear up can help. Youve got to be a self-regulated learner.You cant lean on your friends to take you through an exam. (Sorcha ? DoTS) Deciding to learn is not always an easy help for overbold students. Having com- menced the DoTS pathway three years after ? nishing high school, Nursing stu- dent Vaughan struggled to become a self-directed learner. A dif? cult thing was probably the self-directedness of uni. Ive neer been self-di- rected. I still struggle with it a little while in my third year. (Vaughan ? DoTS) While Vaughan struggled with self-directedness throughout his degree, during the DoTS pathway, he sought professional advice to ? nd that he had to get on with it himself.Id gone and seen the counsellors and they alerted me to the reality th at no one is going to do it except me, so there are no quick ? xes there. We had a bit of a chat about things and you realise you have to get on with it. (Vaughan ? DoTS) Becoming a self-regulating learner involves taking individual responsibility for learning, for keeping up to date, and for becoming independent. These require- ments for university study appear to be well treasure by former pathways stu- dents even though many struggled, as do most new university students, with the initial transition. CH A P TE R 6 INDEPENDENT LEARNING 118.STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 118 PUTTING IN EFFORT Putting in grounds to learn, to understand the materials and to complete the re- quired work are among the most demanding aspects of university study. In South Africa, Accounting lecturers at Stellenbosch University assumed high stu- dent failure rates were due(p) to poor preparation on the part of the students. Their Accounting students agreed, with one third suggestin g that their classmates did not put in suf? cient effort and half believing they themselves did not study hard tolerable.These students also suggested that attending class and putting in effortwere among the most important factors for persisting with university study (Steenkamp, Baard & Frick, 2009 151? 152). Former MSAFP and DoTS pathways students attested to the importance of putting in effort. Pip, Lisa, Vaughan, Sorcha and collect explained putting in effort in terms of understanding course materials. For Pip, it was important to make an effort to understand. For Lisa, it was important to get the assists and know your stuff. For Vaughan, it was important for a student to learn the course materials and know they did it by themselves. I always make an effort to understand. I de?nitely dont do the amount of work outside my contact hours that I should, but I make an effort to understand it. When I do have contact hours, Ill make an effort to understand it and, if I dont, then I g o out and read up on it. I think it makes a difference if you want to be here and you actually want to understand the work. I think thats what makes a good uni student. (Pip ? DoTS) I know that Ive got to get things done. If I dont get them done, then Im not going to get the answers. We have quizzes each week and you cant answer the quizzes if you havent studied and you dont know your stuff. (Lisa ?DoTS)I read my chapter and I dont collaborate with other people. I just tend to do it by myself because I want to know that I did it by myself, not because someone else has written down all the answers for me. (Vaughan ? DoTS) Like them, Sorcha and Reap emphasised the importance of making an effort to learn. For Sorcha, you can become last word with hard work and effort. For Reap, you cant fake it. You can be smart and not do the work and not be winnerful and not achieve your goals, whereas if you have the time, the meltion and all that, you can become smart. (Sorcha ? DoTS) You cant br eeze through uni.Youve got to be able to do the work. You cant fake it. (Reap ? DoTS) A willingness to put in effort to learn involves having the right field post toward study which includes commitment and dedication. Barbara and Kendall believed that without the right attitude it is dif? cult for new students to adapt to univer- sity and experience academic success. For Barbara, university has to be your number-one priority and for Kendall, a student should work so hard for it. I think you have to be committed. You have to be committed to go to uni.Just be- cause youve got the brain, you got the marks, you got accepted, you might asINDEPENDENT LEARNING 119 6 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 119 well go and do it ? its not really the right attitude, because youre a nuisance, mostly to the tutors and lecturers. You have to be committed. You have to be there because you want to be there. I think it has to be your number-one priority to a certain extent. Get your assignments done. Get your uni work done. Then play. (Barbara ? DoTS) I just think you have to be dedicated. You have to know what you want. You have to work for it.Its not just going to fall in your lap. Once you get it, its the best. Like Im not even ?nished my course yet, but Ive just got a job as a Division Two nurse and Im wrapped. You work so hard for it and when you get there, its the best. (Kendall ? DoTS) A willingness to put in effort coupled with an attitude of dedication and com- mitment are attributes of an independent learner. Becoming an independent learner involves a new approach to study. Former pathways students contrasted their expectations of university learning with their experiences of becoming independent learners. Anna and Simon re? ected on different ideas about students and study. For Anna, a student should be smart,independent and have a love of learning.For Simon, study at university in- volves thinking, discussing, collaborating your thoughts and learnin g new things as well as reading, reasoning and writing. st3When I was in Year 12 I would say that you have to be smart to come here. But doing DoTS teaches you what you need to be. You have to have a love of learning. You have to be an independent learner. (Anna ? DoTS) I remember in high school that I didnt know what studying was. Now, for me, studying means doing what I need to do. I think of doing the work that re- quires me to think and learn something outside a lecture.Thinking is part of studying and so is discussing. Its a process. Youre collaborating your thoughts and learning new things. An assignment is a good example. Because you have to read extra material, you have to have an understanding, you have to do your rea- soning and you have to put your ideas down. (Simon ? DoTS) Like Simon, Tony recognised the differences of degree study.For Tony, study at university involves work on your own and research on your own. In MSAFP I was used to having, lets say, three tutorials i n a week and in those tu- torials I could work through that assignment with my lecturers and ?nd out what I have to do. But you ? nd in undergrad you alone have one tutorial in a week and you have to do your work on your own, research on your own and everything. (Tony ? MSAFP) Becoming an independent learner involves students also recognising when they need help. Asking for help is an issue that new university students, and particu- larly pathways students, ? nd challenging. For example, in the UK, low SES stu- dents studying at Shef? eld Hallam University tended not to ask for help but rather accepted their dif? culties with university study as though they were a nor- mal part of life.In in-depth interviews, both mature-aged students and school leavers reported they rarely approached tutors and preferably pet to draw on informal supports and peer networks. One student reported being afraid the CH A P TE R 6 INDEPENDENT LEARNING 120 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 120 tutor would think she was a s inadequacy, while others drew on a strong sense of self-reliance coupled with an immense determination to succeed (Clegg, Bradley & Smith, 2006 107? 108, 111). Similarly, in a survey of one hundred one direct entry Business students in Scotland, the majority did not disclose personal issues thatmight affect their study (Barron & DAnnunzio-Green, 2009 20).Although students may be loth(p) to consult tutors in person, they are also reluctant to seek help online. In Australia, at a new suburban campus of the Uni- versity of Queensland, students knuckled down to study singly and without assistance. More than 80% of the students rarely, if ever, asked for help, support, or assistance online (Ballantyne, Madden, & Todd, 2009 306). New stu- dents may not feel comfortable to ask for help when they deal with new lectur- ers and tutors each semester. some(prenominal) mature-aged students and school leavers atthe University of Wollongong matte up tha t interaction with their lecturers, whether online or face to face, was important in feeling comfortable enough to ask for help (Lefoe, Gunn & Hedberg, 2002 44).Other students, studying Psychology at Macquarie University, found they only received help from a tutor when they asked directly for assistance (Plum, 1999 244? 245). While former DoTS students described independence at university as being up to you, they also pointed out that assistance is available when requested. Paige, Therese and Helen each stressed the importance of seeking assistance and asking for help.For Paige, it is important not to be scared to seek advice. For Therese, it is important to ask them. For Helen, it is important to take the initiative and go and ask for help. I think you have to make sure that youre not scared about going to ask for help, because people are there to help you. (Paige ? DoTS) My brother did say to me once that the lecturers are there to help you. If you have a question, you must ask th em. (Therese ? DoTS) I think you have to be more independent. You have to be willing to put in the work and you have to be willing to ask for help. Those who arent willing to askfor help, they fall by the wayside.When you know you might be drowning, youve just got to get up and take the initiative. Like in a workplace, no one will come and ask you. Youve got to go and ask for help yourself. (Helen ? DoTS) Furthermore, Helen outline the strategies she used in asking for help when, as a pathway student, she was afraid or just con? dent enough to seek advice. I would just go and ask whoever I needed to ask. Id knock on peoples door ? lecturers, tutors, anyone. If I was a bit afraid of asking, Id actually ring and ask at the front of? ce, Who do I speak to? and theyd put you through.I was con? dent enough to do that, I think, from working in my gap year. If I hadnt worked that year, I think I probably wouldnt have been. (Helen ? DoTS) Putting in effort helps a student adjust to the ne w style of independent learning at university. Independent learning requires a student to become metacognitive about their learning and study habits, so they are aware of when to seek advice. Taking the initiative to ask for help is an attribute of a student who is taking con- trol of their learning and becoming independent. INDEPENDENT LEARNING 121 6 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 121 THE RIGHT ATTITUDE.Students cannot become independent learners unless they have the right attitude to study and a willingness to learn. Melinda, Lisa and Vaughan recognised the importance of a willingness to learn in university study and each drew on their vocational motivation to persist with university study. For Melinda, wanting to learn is probably number one. For Lisa, it is important to want to learn. For Vaughan, it is important to have a inclination to learn to absorb info. Wanting to be a student and wanting to learn are probably number one. Wanting to actually do it, because youll never do it if you dont want to.You have to want to learn. If you just want to be a nurse, you can be a nurse with just a pass. But to be a good nurse, you have to want to be a student. You have the chance to learn, so you can get highschool Distinctions, so that you can be a great nurse, not just a nurse. (Melinda ? DoTS) I want to learn. I never used to want to learn, but I do now. I actually want to learn about all the different things and how everything works in Nursing. (Lisa ? DoTS) I think its about willingness to learn too. Theres a mountain of information out there. If youve got no desire to learn, youre not going to take any of it in, soyouve got to want to be there. (Vaughan ? DoTS)The right attitude helps a student actually complete the work. A students atti- tude to learning is important in evaluate the responsibility of a university work- load. Whether a students most recent learning experiences were at a secondary school, a vocational college, or in th e workplace, becoming an independent learner in a university environment necessitates a different attitude (Booth, 1997). Age may also in? uence a students attitude. In Australia, mature-aged students have been found to be more committed to study than school leavers.Comparedto school leavers in outer western Brisbane, twice as many studying parents (over the age of 25) never skipped classes and regularly used support services. Moreover, students more than one year out of school were more con? dent and decisive than school leavers and were seven times more likely to complete the weekly readings (22% versus 3%) (Ballantyne, Madden & Todd, 2009 307? 308). While it may be the case that mature-age students have the right attitude to study, many school leavers in the MSAFP and DoTS pathway also demonstrate the right attitude.Having a willingness to change may best indicate a students capacity to ad-just to independent learning as well as to enable academic engagement and epis- temological access. In the UK, a University of Nottingham survey of register stu- dents found two-thirds of students expected to change over the period of their degree, suggesting that adjustment to university is an ongoing process and not just a dif? cult phase at the beginning of the ? rst year. These History students, who preferred discussion and debate over any other method of learning, ex- pected to develop open-mindedness, interpersonal communication skills, and in- dependence (Booth, 1997 209, 214 see also Brownlee, Walker, Lennox, Exley &CH A P TE R 6 INDEPENDENT LEARNING 122 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 122 Pearce, 2009).Their positive attitudes to learning enabled them to persist with study. Similarly, former MSAFP and DoTS pathway students highlighted the in? u- ence of a students attitude in persisting with university study. Persistence de- pends on motivation and engagement as well as commitment and a sense of re- sponsibility to learn. Sammy, Elaine and l indy af? rmed a willingness to learn underpins success in university study. You have to want to do something to achieve success in it. (Sammy ?MSAFP)If you put your mind to it and tell yourself you can do it, you can be successful. Thats what I think. (Elaine ? MSAFP) I tell myself, This is your future. The future is in your hands. Nobody can write my exam for me. Nobody can study for me. Its my future. Its my life and the way I live it is my choice. I make myself study by looking at everyone else studying. When theyre all studying, I get motivated to study. (Lindy ? MSAFP) Like them, Meg, Paige and Therese each clearly articulated a willingness to learn and recognised that university study is serious business. Meg and Paige high-lighted that the right attitude helps a student achieve success, while Therese stressed that skills development is made possible when a student has the right attitude.When I came here, I was 19 and I was ready to start being a grown-up. What I do now is go ing to play out my future. Every step I take is towards where I want to be. (Meg ? DoTS) I think Im a lot more focused now. I know what I have to do and what needs to be done, that I cant slack off and that I have to meet deadlines. I know that be- cause Ive chosen to do this, I have to put in the effort. (Paige ? DoTS) You should actually want to be here and to take it seriously.Youre not here just to have fun. With skills, you can develop them over time. You can teach yourself how to study and whats the best way to study, how to ? nd information that you need and that is relevant, then to be able to differentiate between whats relevant and whats not relevant. But that comes with time I think. (Therese ? DoTS) Other former pathways students expressed an awareness of their changing atti- tudes to study. Caitlyn recalled, with some humour, the dependent attitude she overcame during the ? rst semester of the DoTS pathway. I remember actually asking the lecturer if I could have my birt hday off, and he said no(Caitlyn ? DoTS) Chloe and Lisa re? ected on their changing attitudes toward their social lives as they became more serious about study. Chloe gave up excessive companionshiping on weekends, while Lisa changed her party life into uni life I went out every weekend and got drunk. Ive given that up now, because a hang- over lasts quite a few eld with me. It really knocks me down. (Chloe ? DoTS) I just needed to change my party life into uni life. I liked to hang out with my friends more and go out on the weekends. But thats changed now. (Lisa ? DoTS) INDEPENDENT LEARNING 123 6 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 123.Vicky, Lisa and Melinda reiterated that a students attitude is re? ected in their be- haviour and highlighted that choosing to attend classes re? ected a commitment to study and a sense of responsibility to learn. Turn up to- class. Dont just say, If I miss this lecture, it wont matter, because it will. The blackboard site doesnt g ive you everything. (Vicky ? DoTS) I know there are compulsory classes, but you have a choice of what you want to learn and what you want to do. (Lisa ? DoTS) If you dont want to go to lectures, dont. If you dont want to go to tutes, dont. If you dont want to do the readings, dont.Its your education that suffers from it and its your grades. I dont want to say there are not people there to help you, but theyre only there if you ask for help. (Melinda ? DoTS) Former students of both the MSAFP and DoTS pathways point out that success- ful students are self-disciplined. Sammy, Chitalu and Chloe re? ected on how self- discipline helped them not only to keep up to date, but also to enjoy studying. I have a personal laptop computer and when I ? nd myself playing games, then I think that tomorrow I have a tutorial and if I have studied enough for that.If I havent, I im-mediately switch off, so I start reading my lecture slides and trying to understand the questions that might be discussed in the tutorial. (Sammy ? MSAFP) Its not really hard work when you are disciplined and you do what youre sup- posed to do. But when you take it lightly and you just have fun, it really becomes hard work. (Chitalu ? MSAFP) I dont really need to make myself do it because most essays I enjoy writing and enjoy learning. I guess Im pretty disciplined. (Chloe ? DoTS) Yet, other former pathways students also pointed out the risks of procrastination and avoidance.Chipo, Tara and Lisa re?ected on wasting time and delaying, or avoiding, study commitments. For Chipo, postponing study is time wasted, while for Tara and for Lisa, it was easy to put things off or put everything aside. If you waste your time, time wasted is time that you can never get back. I had to learn these things as I went along because, you know, you postpone things. You say, Oh no, Ill do it later and then next thing you discover youve got an assign- ment due tomorrow. (Chipo ? MSAFP) I tend to procrastinate a little bit an d to put things off. (Tara ? DoTS) At the start, I was too busy stressing out and putting everything aside and noteven thinking about it. In the second half of my ? rst year, I got the hang of what uni is all about and what youve got to do to get by. (Lisa ? DoTS)Like them, Daniel, who returned to study from the workforce, tended to pro- crastinate. The ascendent was to have his life timetabled. Im a terminal procrastinator. I always have been and stupidly enough Ive been conditioned to actually go on to do so because I keep getting reasonable results in spite of procrastinating. I timetable a lot. I have my life timetabled so I start the semester saying, Alright, I have this on this day and this on that day and then.CH A P TE R 6 INDEPENDENT LEARNING 124 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 124 around work I schedule one day where I focus on each subject. On that day, whether it is travelling on the train or at home in the afternoon, I do all of the reading and wo rk on assignments and stuff like that. I allocate the time to do the work. (Daniel ? DoTS) One aspect of independent learning that former pathways students found easy was being in control of their own study. In contrast to high school where stu- dents matte up pushed, particularly by teachers and through competition with theirpeers, at university students directed their own learning. Lindy found being in control the easiest thing about becoming an independent learner.The easiest thing was being in control. I didnt have a very hard time getting used to being in control. (Lindy ? MSAFP) Like Lindy, Grace, Andrew, Julia and Max appreciated the autonomy of univer- sity study. Arts students Grace and Andrew both preferred studying at university over studying at high school. Grace felt she was making up for bad habits at high school, while Andrew felt as if he were ? nally doing something. In high school I hated studying, so I ? nd it really strange.I ? gure Im making up for what I didnt do in high school. (Grace ? DoTS) I did uni pretty well actually. I kind of preferred it to high school. Because, for one, I felt like I was doing something. With high school, its kind of like what you have to do. We were there because we had to be. At uni, it was where I wanted to be. (Andrew ? DoTS) Similarly, Julia and Max had no trouble taking control of their learning. Educa- tion student Julia viewed her learning as an opportunity, while Arts student Max found his own progress inspiring. I cant believe people dont hand work in because thats just beyond me.I justthink why would you not even give yourself a chance? When I saw the mark for attendance, I thought Im going to make sure I attend every class because thats marks I can count on and I would never not hand anything in because every mark is another step closer. (Julia ? DoTS) Its all on yourself. Youre responsible for failing. Youre responsible for doing your assignments. Youre responsible for passing. Youre responsible f or your grades. Theres no one pushing you along. Its inspiring to think that youre con- trolling your own learning. (Max ? DoTS) Having the right attitude to study is important for success.Regarding themselves as serious, responsible and goal-oriented students, some former pathways stu- dents were openly critical of their peers who did not share the same right atti- tude to study. Andrew and Rachel were both critical of students who aim for a minimum pass, regarding them to be unmotivated. I come across a lot of unmotivated students who are like, Im just here to get a pass and get my degree and get out. (Andrew ? DoTS) I actually ? nd a lot of people are only motivated to get that pass score. They are not that motivated to go the extra mile. (Rachel ? DoTS) INDEPENDENT LEARNING. one hundred twenty-five 6 STUDENT VOICES BOOK_Layout 1 2011/10/07 1157 AM Page 125 Like them, Jenna regarded some of the other students as having the wrong atti- tude for studying. Describing their attitude s as very lazy and very blas , Jenna contrasted her own willingness to learn and to put in effort with their lack of motivation and poor attitudes. There are de? nitely some students who are very lazy in their attitude. They dont go to classes. They dont do the reading. They have a very blase attitude and I ? nd that very frustrating because Im here to learn and I put in the time and effort. (Jenna ? DoTS).

Reflection Essay Writing Essay

English 98was a very informative and interesting class. It was taught by professor Rall, who is a wonderful person and excellent teacher. We covered lots of criteria material and discussed topics during the tenure of the class. We also learned many new ideas about the incidents going on in our country, which were great for us. Reading skills were also honed while reading various essays and stories.Essay writing was a major part of the class. We wrote essay on urbane food and gun control, and gay matters. Each essay taught us about a different style or form of writing. I can aboveboard say my essay skills shoot improved tremendously over the course of this year thanks to the many skills learned in this class however, I do feel I need more practice in timed essay. We read our peers essays, correct the grammatical errors, gave suggestions to word placement, and sentence usage. Reviewing and correctional skills learned will be very helpful in the future as we continue to write essay s during college. Seeing other people correct my essays helped me view my essays from different viewpoints. sometimes letting someone else read your paper can help you come up with an idea to use in your paper that you might not have noticed before.I fell your class was very informative and i believe there is nothing to be changed. The way you discussed problems our world is going threw right away made me get more engaged in the subjects. I feel my high school English classes were wasted because my teachers did not care, I was kicked out my next-to-last year and I was sent to adult school. All we did was work out of the book, I was accepted grit to my school my senior year. When i got sent back to high school i had a teacher who had our class engaged in the subject, I passed the class with an A+. You remind me of him and I enjoyed your class.

Interview about Personality

I break conducted an interview with regards to someones genius. This paper intends to comp atomic number 18 the interviewees answers to that of mine. It excessively aims to ask questions that ar related to cognition, effects of kitchen-gardening on emotions, effects of gender on emotions, intelligence, learning, memory, motivation, individualality, as well as, problem solving.Allow me to first post the question, my friends response, and the last one to be placed is mine.1) dubiousness Do you remember information more accurately if you observe the behavior? Or do you prefer to read how the behavior is performed?My conversancys Answer I am more comparablely to remember if I catch personally observed what happened (White, 2008). I cannot in reality explain it solely I can better remember things that I have seen than if I only read it (White, 2008).My Response I am not very reliable how to weigh it. My memory is extremely sharp that I can remember very well an occurrence that I have observed, as well as, a behavior that I have merely read.2) Question Do you prefer to study in the library? Or at home where it is noisy and distractions are present?My helpers Answer I prefer to study in places where I can concentrate a lot better, so yes, I prefer the library (White, 2008). I neer really study at home because it is too noisy first of all, theres my brother who never seems to know how to tone down the volume of his computers speakers, television, or stereo second, my younger sister and brother who always seem to be in an argument and last but not least, my mom and dad who always discusses about several issues that interest them (White, 2008).My Response I prefer to stay at home. Although, there may be distractions at home, like the television, the radio, or the computers, and my family, I still prefer to study at home. I do not like it when it is too quite. For instance, in the library, not hearing anything at all, makes me go crazy, I will in all probab ility even fall asleep in there. I yet feel so much better studying at home.3) Question Have you taken the Myers Briggs canvass? Would you mind sharing the result/s?My Friends Answer Yes I already did take that test, the results stated that, I am a fairly explicit introvert, that I have a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality (Humanmetrics, 2008). According to the test, it subject matter that I am an introvert, not sensible, not a thinker, and quite judging (White, 2008).My Response Yes, I took that test as well and the results were the following, I am a slightly expressed extrovert, a slightly expressed sensing personality, a slightly expressed thinking personality, and a slightly expressed judging personality (Humanmetrics, 2008). Simply put, it means that, I am an extravert somehow, not sensible, a bit of a thinker, and not a judging person (Humanmetrics, 2008).4) Question Do you feel that the Myers Briggs test results are accurate? Why/Why not?My Friends Answer For me, it was not accurate as the results did not actually match with my personality (White, 2008).My Response I can only agree with the interviewees claim. Mine did not match my personality as well.5) Question Which experiences do you feel contributed near in the development of your personality?My Friends Answer There are times when I am exceedingly impatient. There are also times when I would lash out at other people. I get irritated easily and get mad over trivial issues (White, 2008). much(prenominal) personality of mine developed because I grew up with a terrible and violent grandfather, who actually lived with us for quite some time (White, 2008). I have witnessed how she would yell at my mom (his daughter) if money is being discussed about, for instance if he asks from her and my mom says no because she knows that the money will only be spent at the casino and other forms of gambling (White, 200 8). When I was young, I even saw him hit my mother and my elder sister (White, 2008).When he lost his job, he began to follow money from all sorts of people, and when he was not able to pay, these people pressed charges and that was also when he showed more aggression to everyone around him including my parents, sister, brother, and I (White, 2008). This is why I turned emotionally unstable there are times when I am extremely nervous and easily frustrated (Meyers, 2004). The aforementioned experiences made me abrasive, meaning, ruthless, irritable, as well as, uncooperative (Ticao, 2001). Not to mention, the fact that I dont seem to have enough drive and discipline I entangle hopeless about life every time I remember my grandfather (White, 2008).My Response I have encountered violence in my home as I grew up as well. But I never let myself get too engaged with such a negative occurrence. I did not allow myself to feel exceedingly fearful of such happenings. Lucky, I had the abili ty to make a coping response, if not I will probably become aggressive, impatient, irritable, uncertain, etc as well (Ticao, 2001). What I actually did was to make myself avoid thinking about my dark past and move on to the brighter side of everything.6) Question Do you feel that you are self-monitoring when it comes to spatial relation? How or how not?My Friends Answer I believe that I am not self-monitoring, this is because, I am sure that I wont have a terrible personality and set of attitudes if I was actually one (White, 2008). I could have watched myself better, regulated or controlled myself, and became a better individual if I only became self-monitoring (White, 2008).My Response I have always been monitoring myself. I weigh things, mull on whatever happened to me, and learn from it. I use my experiences instead to do something about myself and avoid turning into a terrible individual.7) Question What was the strongest influence to your attitude?My Friends Answer I believe that the person who played a large role in molding the attitude/s that I possess now is my grandfather (White, 2008).My Response For me, all the people who showed aggression towards me played a role in who I am today and in what attitudes I now possess. I owe it to them how courageous and strong I am now. I have learned so much because of them. For instance, I am disciplined, driven, and motivated to improve the standards of my life because of the negative experiences that I have been faced with.8) Question What role does a persons race, gender, or ethnicity play when forming that persons personality and attitudes?My Friends Answer I believe that the aforementioned elements may have an effect on ones personality and attitude (Carson et. al., 1992). For example, we all know that observing the behaviors of a particular race, gender, and ethnicity will already affect ones attitude through what is known as observational learning (Carson et. al., 1992). Merely observing will infuse an a ttitude to the observer (Carson et. al., 1992).My Response I feel that because the elements are stereo-typing inclined then it really means that it has the capability of affecting ones personality/attitude (Carson et. al., 1992).9) Question Do you feel that you are better at tasks which are per se motivated or extrinsically motivated?My Friends Answer I am not driven to carry out things. In fact, there are times when I do it only for the money thus I am extrinsically motivated (Brophy, 1998).My Response I am just the opposite though, I do things without anything in exchange (Morris et. al., 2005).ReferencesBrophy, J. (1998). Motivation. Burr Ridge, IL McGraw-Hill.Carson, R.C. & Butcher, J.N. (1992). The World of Abnormal psychological science. New York HarperCollins.Humanmetrics. (2007). Jung Typology Test. Retrieved March 13, 2008 fromhttp//www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htmMeyers, D. (2004). Psychology Seventh Edition. New York Worth Publishers.Morris, C.G. & Maisto, A.A. ( 2005). Psychology An Introduction, 12th Ed. New YorkPrentice-Hall.Ticao, C. J. (2001). Introduction to Psychology. Quezon City UP Press.White, U.P. (2008). Personal Interview.

Current Health Care Issues

Current Health C be Issues HCS/545 Camille Fuller University of Phoenix The health vexation industry exist to provide preventative measures, diagnose health conditions, repair, and provide functions to improve the whole tone of life. The constitute of health c ar continues to rise each year. Health care hoax is a figure that continues to plague the health care industry. The affect health care faker has on hospitals, is the increasing toll of health check services. The following research leave alone examine and evaluate how organizational grammatical construction and governance, culture and the deprivation of focus on social responsibility affects on health care fraud.The following research testamenting also hold recommendations for prevention of health care fraud, recommendations for change of structure, governance, and culture. The following research will include prevention measure for future situations involving health care fraud. Health care fraud is a preventabl e situation in hospitals across the nation. Hospitals spend thousands of dollars on quality assurance and patient safety and quiet health care fraud continues to occur. Individuals across the nation make a living through health care fraud. Honest, hard working citizens of this country are financing health care fraud recipients, non by choice.Insurance companies, Medicare, and Medicaid are being schemed by fraudulent businesses. Channel 11 news in Colorado a scheme called, Medical Provider individualised identity Theft has been uncovered. Perpetrators stol the identity of a checkup checkup student in Pueblo, Colorado. The perpetrators set up an finish office in Denver, Colorado called, A summation Billing. The office and channelize was used to receive mail and phone calls. The physicians name and medical identification summate was used to bill Medicare for test and procedures that were non preformed. This cause of scheme is running rampant across the unite States. Dr.C abiling did not k instantaneously that his identity had been stolen until he authoritative a phone call from Medicare. Medicare asked Dr. Cabiling if he just in Denver and Dr. Cabiling said, No. Medicare then notified Dr. Cabililng that they had received bills from an office in Denver with his name and medical identification number for payment of services rendered. Dr. Cabiling only practices in Pueblo and not in Denver. Further investigation uncovered to a greater extent than $1. 8 million dollars had been paid out to the A Plus Billing Company. cost documents show the address A Plus Billing used was 600 17th Street in Denver, means 2800.The company submitted bills for numerous things including MRIs and EKG testing, claiming they had medical offices at that address. But instead, 11 news discovered it was home to a company hired to receive mail and answer the phone for $ one hundred fifty a month. And, according to records, the lady who was suppose to pay that bill, Aliya Vale eva, is no longer in the country. Medicare sent the bullion to an account at a BBVA/Compass Bank in Denver, under the name of A Plus Billing. Now the FBI has moved to seize nearly $800,000 of it (Potter, 2011). Dr.Cabiling inadvertently received checks from Cigna, leading the physician to believe that the go company had targeted other redress companies other than Medicare. Prior to President Obamas health care reform, insurance companies were required to submit payment for services rendered within 15 days of receipt of the claim. Since President Obamas health care reform act the timeline for payment of services rendered gives agencies more time to make payments, review and check into claims. caperulent claims are easier to detect with the new health care reform in affect.Fraudulent claims are nothing new to insurance companies. Perpetrators strike targeted insurance companies for a long time. Medicare and Medicaid are the two type of insurance companies targeted. Medicare and Medicaid staff is inundated with claims. There are more claims to be processed then in that respect are staff and time. New timelines and guidances to follow, allow the staff to follow up on suspicious claims. Since the inexpensive Health mete out Act was passed and implemented Medicare officials say with their new tools for fighting fraud, they have reclaimed $4 billion last year alone (Potter, 2011).The previous organizational structure for payment of services rendered did not allow officials enough time to investigate claims to ensure the claims were legitimate. Perpetrators study the law and use the knowledge to fraud insurance and government agencies. The governance of rules, regulations and laws was not stringent enough to stop perpetrators from frauding the system. New guidelines allow agencies more time to detect suspicious claims, investigate and save the insurance companies millions of dollars. Society does not concentrate on proactive actions to prevent fraud, instead society deals with the problem after the fact.Consumer watch groups do not have tools in place to prevent fraud. Perpetrators rely on the oversites of insurance companies in order to target and fraud insurance companies. Insurance companies and the federal government should pool resources using a percentage of profits to pay a task force to arrestively fight fraud. The penalty for fraud should be more stringent which will cause perpetrators to think twice before formulating a plan to commit fraud. The Affordable Health Care Act is the beginning of many programs established to fight against fraud.Health care fraud is a suppuration problem and should be taken more seriously by citizens of the United States. Physicians, health care workers, and patients are responsible for proactively protecting personal education to prevent identity thieving. The case of Dr. Cabiling could not have occured if his medical identity had not been stolen. A closer watch of personal information to prev ent identity theft is the beginning to prevent health care fraud. The federal government should have in place the office to prosecute offenders to the fullest extent.Harsh punishment whitethorn deter offenders from comiting the offence. Ethical issues concerning medical fraud is as well-defined as knowing what is pay and what is wrong. Society should take responsibility of his or her own personal information. Identity theft is no secret, therefore society should be more proactive. Do not leave an open door for offenders to walk in and take what does not belong them. The laws for offenders should be more stringent. The current structure of physicans medical information is too easy to obtain.The structure of physicains medical information should be in encripted messages making the degree of difficulty high enough to ward off offenders. There are some offenders that will stop at nothing until they have gotten the information he or she is wishes to obtain. Stricter rules and guideli nes can ward off these offenders. Governance over the guidelines for payment for services rendered should include the following varification of physicians medical information making sure the physican is aware of the charges being submitted to insurance companies.The time line for payments to be released to physicians or calculate companies are lenghtened to allow incurance companies time to investigate suspecious claims. The culture of one waiting for another to do what is right is an occurance needing change. The culture can be changed through leading by example. Educating society through normal service announcement is a start. Public service announcements reach more people than emails, newspaper articles, and phoone calls. An aggressive electioneering to stamp out medical fraud through prosecuting identity theft offenders is an additional way to armed combat medical fraud.Through public service announcements society is informed of his or her responsibility to protect personal information to prevent identity theft and medical fraud. Fighting identiy theft and medical fraud cost less than the billions of dollars paid out to offenders. Remind society they the communities in which he or she live in are the one that ultimately pay the price through high health care premiums, higher prices for health care services, and through higher taxes. In conclusion health care fraud is now being done through identity theft.Identity theft can be combatted through public awareness and the public taking responsibility to protect his or her own persoanl information. Dr. Cabiling through no jailbreak of his own was a victim of identity theft. Dr. Cabiling did not know that his medical identity had been stolen until he received a phone call from Medicare. Dr. Cabiling can now contact the different insurance companies to alert them of the fraudulant activities concerning his medical information. The insurance companies can contact Dr. Cabiling prior to making payments on cali ms. The insurance companies making phone calls to Dr.Cabiling may take more time, but will save the companies money in the long run. Combatting medical fraud and identity theft is everyones responsibility. References Cohen, G. (2010, March/April). Medical tourism The view from ten thousand feet. battle of Hastings Center Report, 40(2), 11. Health care reform to have impact on ethics. (2010, May). Medical Ethics Advisor, 26(5), 54. K. Potter, 2011. Medicare Fraud Scheme Takes Nearly $2 Million, Pueblo Doctors Identity Stolen http//www. kktv. com/home/headlines/Medicare_Fraud_Scheme_Steals_Millions_131567818. html

Evidence based practice in antenatal Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn this globalization world, the nursing c atomic tour 18er had become much challenges and competence. IOM Report (2003) title Health Professions Education A Bridge to Quality claim recommended exhibit base utilise (EBP) as one of the integration of core set competencies into health transactions education. Now days, EBP is the most familiar topic to be talk and written well-nigh in nursing, nationally and internationally. Hitherto, nurses at times simulatet understand what is EBP and nigh nurses are even called it buzzword. The latter couldnt be further from truth. EBP is here(predicate) to stay and nurses must understand it.Sacket et al (2000) described EBP as the integration of the best look for attest with clinical expertise and patients evaluates. Evidence base practice is the application of the best available empirical manifest, including modern question de terminal figureinations, to clinical practice in order to aid clinical decision making exa mine establish practice is based on the nonion of rational decision making. Higgs and Jones (2000) consent purposed that evidence in evidence-based practice should be considered to be knowledge derived from a bod of source that has been subjected to testing and has found to be credible. Here the nurse selects all investigate that has been do in area. These question leaves are analyzed to wee-weeher, synthesized, advance up with a through integrate re overhear. Then, the research put into the context of clinical expertise and the value system of the patient, and special(prenominal) protocols or best practices are developed.In this paper, the important of EBP provide be explored in relation to antenatal clinic. The objective of the debate is to appreciate the effect on obstetric practice and motherliness burden of social occasion late motherhood ultra heavy(a) define as greater than 24 weeks gestation, in women with each unselected or low risk pregnancy .The Austral asian Genetics Resource contain (2007) high gearlighted ultrasonography is the utilise of high frequency sound waves to make an image. In pregnancy, an echography gives a supply of the developing baby in the uterus (womb). It is regularly considered part of the routine care for all big(predicate) women.The ultrasound is use as both a screening and a diagnostic test either give an indication that the baby is at an increased risk of a problem (a screening test), or it can let on a definite problem in the babys physical organic evolution for example, in the heart or the kidneys (a diagnostic test). Mostly, a mother will question the nursing staffs work at the antenatal clinic regarding the ultrasound screening whether the process is safety of their unborn baby and themselves.In the countryfied area of Malaysia, most of the antenatal clinics have no facility such(prenominal) as ultrasound elevator car. As a contribute, the heavy(predicate) women with medically indicated and get referral letter from medical officer or midwife have to go to government hospital in the city to have an ultrasound. In difference, the private hospital performed routine ultrasound screening for pregnant women in their late pregnancy.The selected evidence are cited by Bricker L and Neilson J (2000) Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy ( after 24 weeks gestation) track down from Cochrane Library. Cochrane Database of systemic Re invite , 2007, issues 1,published by John Wiley and Sons,Ltd. This research is done by qualified person be social movement one of cardinal referees was Dr Leanne Bricker who was the consultant in fetal and maternal treat of Liverpool Womens NHS Foundation Trust. It could be argue that the ref is bailable to do this research and this made the research the much reliable.WHO Statistic (1999) mentioned that annually 585 000 women die of pregnancy related to complications. It is 99% in developing countries and 1% in developed countries. So, we can su mmarize that every gauzy one women dies from a pregnancy related complication. In Malaysia, high rate of prenatal and maternal morbidness and mortality continue to be a major problem in the country. A crucial compute of good obstetrics is the provision of adequate care during the antenatal period. Antenatal care was first introduced to medicine in the first decade of this century. Hence, there no qualm that it has a brought gigantic benefit to women and their children. The primary(prenominal) purpose of antenatal care is to visualise an uncomplicated for the mother and the safe delivery of a support and healthy infant. At present, modern technology andinformation technology have beyond more complicated. The equipment such as the ultrasound machine overly was greatly up to date. The users of ultrasound as one of the accoucheur armamentarium have been part of the cause to improved antenatal and intra partum care. An ultrasound scan uses high frequency sound waves in very in b rief pulses.These travel from a transducer, which rests on your skin, and are reflected off different tissues wrong you and then received back at the transducer. The transducer passes the signal into a computer that displays an image of your insides on a screen. Usually this image represents a thin 2 dimensional slice of your mixture. The operator moves the transducer around to get the best views to help diagnosis, whilst watching on the screen for anything abnormal. They will record several images or short video clips to illustrate the scan and these are kept in a computer infobase that is part of your patient record. The operator will use a small amount of gel on your skin to ensure the transducer contacts your skin effectively. Routine ultrasound can be used in late pregnancy to detect problems which may not otherwise be apparent, such as abnormalities in the placenta in the fluid adjoin the baby, or in the babys growth.The process of evidence base practice involved full of life appraisal as one of the step. Hill & Spittlehouse (2001) defined critical appraisal as the process of dictatorialally examining research evidence to access its validity, results and relevance originally using it to inform a decision. Ahead of effectuation of critical appraisal it is essential to understand research process principal and creation able to fill in a well conceived designed of conducted study. The scathing Appraisal Skills provide us what is the best evidence in order to understand the systems and result of research besides to access the quality of the research. Oxman et al 1994, mentioned that the piece of evidence will be critically appraise for it validity and quality using and appraisal tool named, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP).The word research means to search again and learn carefully, more specifically, research is a diligent, systematic inquiry or study that validate and refines existing knowledge and develop naked knowledge. In fact ,research is determined, hand on, received, understand and accepted by nurse practitioner only, (Brown 1999). Furthermore, the ultimate mark of research is the development of a research body of knowledge for a discipline or profession like nursing. Joppe (2000) highlighted that the reliability of result is the key questions in a research.Brown ,1999Melnyk & Fineout- Overholt2005 declared that evidence based practice is the conscientious integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient set and need in the delivery of high quality , cost effective health care. In this research, the reviewer has made the research more reliable by provided information of all research finding positivist a clear precise description of the research methodology.BODYThis title of the research clearly indicates the taper of the study. Above and beyond, the abstract includes the study problem, objectives, search strategy, selected criteria, data collection and digest, substanti ve result and meanings of the findings for nursing practice. This research is significance to read because all relevant information is presented in a way that captures the attention of the reader. Crosby (1990) check out that a well-written abstract gives readers a good idea of what the study is nigh, how it was conducted and the findings or recommendations by the author.It is being stated clearly that, the reviewers drew on the search strategy developed for the pregnancy and childbirth as a whole. Relevant of exertion were identified in the groups specialized registered of comprise test. The pilot reviewer assessed footrace quality and abstract data under supervision of co-reviewer. Moreover, the trial were not assess blinded as the reviewer have the information about the author identification, source of publication and result when making inclusion criteria. In fact, regarding the disagreement and insufficient data, the reviewer contacted the author in-personly above and be yond search in all relevant studies in published and unpublished studies.The publication prejudice is less because all of the studies were in English. The neonatal upshot heartbeats of the research alsoseek advice from professor of perinatal medicine. By the way, any debarred trial was undoubtedly given a groundsable accused and all the information of follow up was stated in the references. The thespians included all women in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks gestation) in both unselected population and the specimen size of the trial wide-ranging. The type of incumbrance used was routine ultrasound examine in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks gestation) to assess one/some/all of the conclusion measure on fetal size amniotic fluid rafts placental grading fetal structural anatomy fetal presentation. In relation to Crombie (1996), when choosing a study design, many factors must be taken into sum up because different types of studies are subject to different types of bias.It claimed th at in this study there is no mention about assume and participants were kept in murkiness about the study. Almost certainly, it is great to mull over in the respectable aspect. It could be quarrel that the participants have been treated purely as a source of data. Theoretically, the ethical considerations in all research are the same the safety and protection of human rights. These rights are in general could be achieved by informed consent. While no inform consent was taken even so confidentially has maintained. On no account mention any involvement of ethical committee it is a poor steps as ex theatreing the study design is the core of understanding the methodology. Olsen (2003) put in plain words that they are three elements of ethical research to securely practice.In this review, all results were presented clearly and were alike(p) from study to study. The reviewers have assessed the quality of each study and include all RCTs of routine ultrasound in late pregnancy after (2 4 weeks) in the research. Quasi-randomized trials were regard as for inclusion due to scarcity of RCTs. The study was good in view of the fact that the confinements of the research and the reason for any variation in the result were discussed in particular by reviewers. The ultrasound selection were differed among trials some offering routine scans to all participant earlier in the pregnancy (before 24 weeks gestation), some offering no routine scan at anytime in pregnancy to the see to it group and some offering scan at all stages of the trial, scarce only revealing results of latepregnancy ultrasound (after 24 weeks gestation) for the study group.Furthermore, the rationale for routine ultrasound scan after 24 weeks gestation differed among trials as it is difficult to assess the effect of scan before 24 weeks gestation on the outcome measures. Although the reviewers has point out that the most effective approach to assess the cause of routine late pregnancy ultrasound would be t rials where the intervention in late pregnancy ultrasound alone, but this is not such trials exist.However, the reviewers also have reported on the predictable finding in this study. In the Perth 1993, they were significantly higher intrauterine growth restriction on the Serial ultrasound and Droppler examination group. Even, the author states that it may have a chance finding, it is attainable that frequent exposure to ultrasound may have influence fetal growth. On the other hand, none of the addressed long term neurodevelopment results. Exposure of the expectant mother to uncertainty and possible anxiety about the health of her baby has implication of which may be far rack uping. The reviewers also have identified the future research on the maternal psychological outcome and long term neurodevelopment outcome.From the time when, it is not mention what type of ultrasound machine was used and which group of personal is performing the procedure. Sometimes this could probably introd uce preconceived notion to the results. In some situation, the ending measured effect the result because the quality of ultrasound imaging is not reach the standard regarding the technical capabilities of the ultrasound equipment and also on the skills or expertise of operators.METHODOLOGY at that place are two type of research method duodecimal research method and soft research method. The quantitative research method defined by Burn and Grove (2005), is conducted to test theory by describing variables, examining family among variables and determining cause and effect interactions between variable. It is a formal, objective, systematic process using numerical data to obtain information about the world. In addition, quantitative method is research method dealing with number and anything thatis measurable agreed by (Smith, 1988) that quantitative research involves counting and measuring of events and performing the statistical synopsis of a body of numerical data. Counting and measuring are ordinary structure of the method.More frequently than not, the outcome or result of the study is presented in tables, graphs or other form of statistic because it is a kind of number or a series of numbers. If truth be told, the quantitative analysis endow with result that is more reliable for statistical approaches. The main concerns of the quantitative paradigm are that measurement is reliable, valid, and generalize in its clear prediction of cause and effect (Cassell & Symon, 1994).The strengths of the quantitative method are it stating the research problem in very specific and set terms as stated by (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 1992). It also clearly and merely specifies both the independent and the dependent variables under investigation. As well, quantitative method include following firmly the original set of research goals, arriving at more objective conclusions, testing hypothesis, determining the issues of causality. In view of (Balsley, 1970) its help a chieving high aims of reliability of gathered data due to controlled observations, laboratory experiments, mass surveys, or other form of research manipulations. To boot, this method are also allowing for longitudinal measures of subsequent performance of research subjects. Kealey & Protheroe (1996) indicated that quantitative method rally round eliminating or minimizing subjectivity of judgment.Despite the fact, the weaknesses of the quantitative method are failure to provide the research worker with information on the context of the situation where the studied phenomenon occurs and inability to control the environment where the respondents provide the answers to the questions in the survey. Limited outcomes to only those outlined in the original research device due to closed type questions and the structured format. More to the point, not encouraging the evolving and continuous investigation of a research phenomenon are the disadvantages of using quantitative approach.According to Munhall (2001) the qualitative research method is a systematic, natural approach used to described life experiences and situation and to give them meaning. The knowledge generated the qualitative research will provide meaning and understand of specific emotions, values and life experiences. As said by Morgan (1980), the qualitative research shares the theoretical assumptions of the interpretative paradigm, which is based on the notion that social reality is created and sustained through the subjective experience of people involved in communication.Some researcher using qualitative method are concerned in their research with attempting to accurately describe, decode, and interpret the meanings of phenomena occurring in their normal social contexts as declared by Fryer (1991). In view of that, qualitative approach in general is more likely to take place in a natural setting acknowledged by Denzin, 1971 capital of Nebraska & Guba, 1985 Marshall & Rossman, 1989.The strengths of the qualitative method as declared by Bogdan & Taylor, 1975 Patton, 1980, it provide a holistic view of the phenomena under investigation. Furthermore, qualitative method is the process of obtaining a more realistic feel of the world that cannot be experienced in the numerical data and statistical analysis used in quantitative research. It also provides the flexible ways to perform data collection, subsequent analysis, and interpretation of collected information. Kirk & Miller, 1986 writes that it gives the ability to interact with the research subjects in their own language and on their own terms. Summarizing, the qualitative approach present descriptive capability based on primary and unstructured dataHowever, the qualitative method coming up with some weaknesses of as point out by Cassell & Symon (1994) that it departing from the original objectives of the research in response to the changing spirit of the context. In that case it also arriving to different conclusions based on the same information depending on the personal characteristics of the researcher. The inability to investigate causality between different research phenomena and difficulty in explaining the difference in the quality and quantity of information obtained from different respondents and arriving at different, non-consistent conclusions appeared as the disadvantage of qualitative method.It follows requiring a high level of experience from the researcherto obtain the targeted information from the respondent. Lastly, it also contributes lacking consistency and reliability because the researcher can employ different probing techniques and the respondent can choose to tell some particular stories and ignore others.In spite of that, the quantitative research method is used in this research. Seven eligible Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were participated in this survey. The methodology mostly could be summarized as quality and the reporting of reports were good. Yet, the Glasgow 1984 (UK) s tudy was quasi(prenominal) randomized with allocation according to the hospitals number and this had probable to engender bias. On the other hand, RCTs for evaluating the effect of intervention in this study, is used even though it is less in effect in answering questions about patients personal experience, attitude or psychological outcome. Sequentially, to explore psychological aspect of the pregnant women during the routine ultrasound screening, it could be squabble that it will be more apt to include qualitative research in this study. Review Manager (Revman) software was used to act upon statistical analysis.Meta analysis was used to analyze and combine the result of the studies and it is an appropriate technique of data analysis. The plus of using this type of analysis is that it increases the sample size so that if the significant differences exist they are more likely to be demonstrated. Sacket (1996) mentioned that evidences from systematic review and Meta analysis has ta ken the top place of the hierarchy because it provides misleading about the effect of intervention.In this research, quantitative and qualitative approaches were bringing into being be a foil for each other sequence the scantiness of each were essentially counterbalance. Conversely, it also point out the time and cost implications, from the time when the volume of data produced was enormous and an tremendously extensive knowledge foot was vital to analyze it.Seeing as the method section is a strength of the study. In this study, the sample size was large (25 036 women) and included variety of subjects. This heterogeneity of the subject has increases the generalizability of the findings as agreed by Burns & Groove (2005). The try out method, samplingcriteria, and sample characteristics are clearly presented. The study could be considered as ethical because it was approval for conduct by an institutional review board but in state of affairs unethical because no informed consent was obtained from the object or sampling.RESULTIn this research seven trial comprising 25,036 women were included ( Alesund 1999 ) Glasgow 1984 Perth 1993 new Zealand 1993Trondheim 1984Peterborough 1987 spoke 1993) . The attribute of the incorporated test on the whole was acceptable as assess by reviewers. There was no difference in antenatal, obstetric and neonatal intervention or morbidity in screened versus control group. From the result of the studies, routine ultrasound in late pregnancy was not associated with improvement in general perinatal mortality. However, placental grading as an adjunct to third trimester examination scan was associated with a significant reduction in the stillbirth rate in the one trial that assessed it. There was no data on maternal psychological effect. Data with regard to long term substantive outcome in fetal neurodevelopment is lacking.IMPLICATIONSThe study originated that there is thus far no evidence that routine ultrasound improves outcome or in crease interventions. The fact, ultrasound could be used in late pregnancy to find the cause of compilation such as bleeding. In some situation, ultrasound screening in late pregnancy appears to be useful in placental grading. In some country, screening all pregnant women for possible problem late in pregnancy is controversial. The ultrasound is seen not demonstrated fetal harm if we use properly followed proper procedure. For the long term side effect, the users of repeated ultrasound are still not fully known regarding the exposure of the fetus. Some problems occur with such screening are increasing major intervention without benefit like caesarian section. Till now, there is no specific epidemiological evidence that ultrasound screening during pregnancy is harmful but no fact conclusion has been reached from available data, forthat reason continue awareness is necessary. In spite of that, the policy practice in the antenatal care inescapably a changeable. So, it is highly recomm ended that routine ultrasound in late pregnancy only be done for high risk mother such as mother with placental previa.RECOMMENDATIONSIn fact, further studies on maternal physiological outcomes and long term neurodevelopment outcome for the fetus is essential to be carried out. In addition, the level of performance of technical operator and equipment should be sporadically audited and governed by a dogmatic body to foreclose the mother and unborn child. In our day, nursing care is grant access to be root on the modern best evidence, interventions will be more useful and will effect in superior(p) patient outcomes. So, nurses are motivated to learn how to group and interpret data to implement in their practice on the best evidence available.Evidence based practiced (EBP) has grows to be a critical innovation for ethical liable in professionals nursing practice. As said by Mckenna et al (2004), negative beliefs, Krishbaum et al (2004), attitudes and value (Pravikoff et al 2005) hav e been shown to be powerful bulwark to EBP. In order to overcome barriers in EBP, strategies are needed to recover such as awareness, knowledge and skills in evaluating evidences. It is also importance to have administrative support by providing access to EBP or research mentor in practice arena.As indicated by Avis (2006), the Randomized Control Trials (RCTs) are remains one of the best means to make your approximation up whether one form of care is better than another. Since RCTs is purely and evaluation technique, the consequence of knowledge cannot be condense to the application of procedure to fabricate evidence. Besides, understand the result as well as the limitation of relevant research study, it also need an awareness of the background theories which influenced particular research studies.CONCLUSIONIn my view, this research is simply good because it provide complete information include literature review, sampling method, sampling size and etc. Basically the methodology wa s performed clearly and the result was presented well. All the statistical tools used were shown and the barrier exist were explained particularly. It is the most swollen with pride that the study had achieved the objectives and was helpful in development of nursing practice.